1. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and The Uses of History byThomas Wieland

2. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Innovation Systems & Culture Systems Organizational & institutional structures Directs rate and direction of innovation National, regional, sectoral Industrial R&D labs, Universities, Govt. agencies, patent systems Culture Technological vision Use of products Value systems of individuals and groups Research traditions Affects innovation systems Not recognized much, hence policies ineffective

3. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Innovation Culture Group’s or society’s framework that determines how things are viewed and how things are done by its individual members Neither invariant nor universal Produced and reproduced in social interactions by group or society members Innovation Culture: Group’s or society’s framework that channels the perception of economic and technological challenges and provides strategies to meet them

4. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Innovation Culture Made of technological visions, values, research traditions of those who are part of innovation process Reservoir of ideas Provides proven strategies

5. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Institutions Formal Consciously built with specific purpose and hence can be easily changed Actively participate in innovation Codified and explicit Patent laws, university curricula Informal Implicit, less visible Emerge spontaneously Internalized through socialization =culture Customs, traditions Affects the formal systems

6. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Post WW II - Western Germany Technology-taker in nuclear power plants, biotechnology, computers Strengths in automobiles, machine tools,chemicals Role of cultural factors for shaping technology policies Computers & Biotechnology

7. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Case Study - Computers 1960s – IBM 70%, German players 10% Siemens and AEG-Telefunken, two eletro- technical firms asked for public funding Govt. accepted as widening technological gap Data Processing Programmes (DPP) launched in 1967, 1971, 1976

8. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Goals of DPPs National computer industry to compete with US players Use data processing to modernize industry and administration Academic environment in computer science for training and cutting-edge research 42% funds in industrial R&D, 29% data processing applications Siemens and AEG benefited – national champions to develop mainframe computer

9. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland DPPs … Research Ministry – data processing system 70/72 – military command, process control, weather control etc Siemens, AEG refused to collaborate Lot of money spent on mainframe as that was the vision Transistors & ICs made smaller computers Siemens & AEG both tried to compete with IBM

10. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland DPPs… Siemens – JV with RCA – RCA withdrew AEG – developed on own, but no business customers 3 rd DPP – focus on minicomputers

11. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Disparity between goals & means Goal of winning technology race in short term, means not commensurate Siemens – elcetro-technical – power/transportation – $2.1Bn Vs $5.3 Bn of IBM Technology development focus over marketing & user support

12. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Culture Symbols of scientific & technological superiority of USA Self-esteem of Germany challenged as takers from makers Glorious electro-technical industry – historical resource “One must not undervalue the capacity of the German industry” Decline in imagined hierarchy of nations Competing with IBM – technological, hence marketing/support not developed Business customers ignored for scientific/engineering purposes

13. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland Biotechnology University Biology Chemical Industry – ‘found’ Pharmaceutical Industry - playground

14. Innovation Culture, Technology Policy and the uses of History by Thomas Wieland

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