1. Tourists: Why do people engage in tourism? Pertemuan 3-4
Matakuliah : G1174/Tourism Management and Planning
Tahun : 2007
Tourists: Why do people engage in tourism? Pertemuan 3-4

2. Topics What is tourism demand? Tourist motivation
Consumer behaviour in tourism
Typology of tourists
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3. Objectives To explain the various reason of why people travels
To formulate tourist motivation
To describe tourist behaviour
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4. What is tourism demand? Definition of Tourist Demand
“the total number of persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence”
(Mathieson and Wall, 1982)
Component of Demand
Effective or Actual Demand
Suppressed Demand:
Potential Demand
Deffered Demand
No Demand
Substitution of Demand
Redirection of Demand
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5. Concept map for understanding tourist behaviour
The tourist
Culture
Demographics
Sosial networks
Personality
Value
Experience
Attitudes
Activities/attractions
Setting
Facilities
Services
Hosts
Other tourists
Management
Destination
Choice
Motives
Destnation images
Travel
Tourists’ on-site experiences
Social, cultural and environmental contacts
Outcomes
Tourists’
Satisfaction
Enjoyment
Complaints
Learning
Skill development
Health
Hosts’
Impacts
Income, employement, economic well being
Social and cultural effects
Conservation support and site species changes
Management challenges
We need to understand these
to manage these
to improve these
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6. Factor influencing travel motivation
Economic determinants
Social-psychological determinants
Exogenoues determinants (business environment)
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7. The Study of Motivation in Tourism
7 elements within motivation:
Travel as a response to what is lacking yet
Destination pull in response to motivational push
Motivation as fantasy
Motivation as classified purpose
Motivational typologies (= wanderlust & sunlust)
Motivation & tourist experience
Motivation as auto definition & meaning
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8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & Travel Motivation
Fulfill a dream
Understand myself more
Experience inner peace & harmony
External rewards, prestige
Glamour of travelling
Competence, master
Giving love & affection
Maintain & initiate relationship
To be with group membership
A concern for own health
A concern for other safety
Simulation
Escape from routine
Relax & body reconstitution
External excitement
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9. Why people go on holiday?
Push factor
those which are said to
make you want to travel.
Pull factor
those which affect
where you travel
given the initial
desire to travel.
Returning
Departing
Socio-psychological motives
Escape
Self-exploration
Relaxation
Prestige
Regression
Relationship
Social interaction
Cultural motives
Novelty
Education
Origin Area
Destination
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Why people go on holiday?
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10. Travel Motivation Categories
Physical motivators: physical test, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing, entertainment and health consideration.
Cultural motivators: the desire to see & know more about other cultures - their music, art, folklore, dances, paintings and religion.
Interpersonal motivators: the desire to meet new people, to visit friends & relatives, to escape from routine, family or neighbors, or to make new friendship.
Status & prestige motivators: the desire for recognition, attention, appreciation and a good reputation.
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11. Cohen’s Classification of Tourists
The Organised Mass Tourists
The Individual Mass Tourists
The Explorer
The Drifter
Familiarity
Novelty
Institutionalised Tourism
Non-institutionalised
Tourism
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12. Plog’s Psychographic Traveller Types
Distribution of tourist in each typology
Allocentric
Independent travellers
Above average income
Seek more adventurous experiences
Mid-centric
Majority of travellers
Seek well-known established destinations
May go to destination populated by allocentrics
Psychocentric
Less sure, more insecure travellers
Choose destination similar to home
Like the familiar and may be repeat visitor
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13. Mayo and Jarvis (Travel Buying Behavior)
Felt need/
travel desire
Information collection &
evaluation by image
Travel
decision
Travel preparation
& travel experience
Travel satisfaction
outcome & evaluation
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14. The Tourist Who are the tourists – are they all holidaymakers?
What do tourists come here for? What facilities are used by visitors to your town?
Where do they come from? Where do they go?
When do tourists travel?
Why do people travel?
How do tourists get around? How do holidaymakers make their travel arrangements?
Etc.
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15. Typology of Tourist Pscyhographic (psychological approach)
Based on personality and lifestyle of tourist
Demographic (demography approach)
Based on characteristic of age, occupation, education, gender, family cycle
Geographic (geography approach)
Based on nationality or tourist generating region
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16. VALS lifestyle categories
Need-driven groups
Survivor lifestyle
Sustainer lifestyle
Outer-directed groups
Belongers lifestyle
Emulator lifestyle
Achiever lifestyle
Inner-directed groups
I-am-me lifestyle
Experiential lifestyle
Societally conscious lifestyle
Self-directed lifestyle
Combined inner- and outer-directed groups
Integrated lifestyle

17. Dimension of Tourist Personality
Ross (1991), 8 dimension of tourist personality:
Venturesomeness: type of individual who is more seeking and exploring (tend to be first user).
Pleasure-seeking: type of person who desires a considerable amount of luxury and comfort in all aspect of travel.
Impulsive: the tendency to want to do something now.
Self-confidence: the willingness to do unique and different things.
Planfulness: individuals who is systematic and planful.
Masculinity: the action-oriented man or the outdoorsman.
Intellectualism: type of individual who has heavy orientation or high-brow interests
People-orientation: a desire to get close to people through travel and to experience the many culture of worlds.
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18. Leisure traveller vs. Business traveller
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19. Factor influencing type of tourist based on geographical region
Spatial distance: time and cost of travel
Presence of international connectivity
Reciprocity of travel flows
Attractiveness of one country to another
Influence of intervening opportunities
Impact of specific, nonrecurring events
The national character of the citizens of originating countries
The mental image of the destination country in the mind of the citizen on originating countries
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20. Conclusion
Travel motives are the energizer of action, they are diverse and multifaceted.
No simple explaination about why people take vacation, thus it is a process of understanding the psychology of tourist based upon the W’s and H questions – Who, What, Where, When, Why and How.
Consequently, a range of researches and approaches may provide conflicting answers given that the behavior of tourists in pre, during and post travel are varied.
Different types of tourist can have different characteristic.
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