1. Simple Microscope Objective magnification Working Distance Eyepiece magnification http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/

2. Illumination (Bright Field) Simple mirror (historical microscope) Critical illumination Koehler Illumination Summary the field of view should be (reasonably) evenly illuminated the illuminating train should be able to fully illuminate the aperture of an objective of NA = 1.0 the light source should be focused in the object in critical illumination, the light bulb is the light source in Köhler illumination, the light source is an iris diaphragm attached to the illuminator (the field stop) the condenser iris is adjusted for each objective

4. Staining Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound.biochemicalDNAproteinslipids carbohydrates Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes.dyes biologymedicinebiological tissuesmicroscopes

5. Dark Field microscopy brightDark Poor-man`s dark field

6. Dark Field

7. DIC (Differential Interference Contrast) Wollaston Prism Optical Path Length (OPL) = n t OPL difference = 2*pi*delta/lambda delta=(n2 - n1) t `Nomarski`

8. Phase Contrast Converts phase change to Amplitude change http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/phasecontrast/phaseindex.html

9. Phase Contrast

10. Converts phase change to Amplitude change

11. φ(x,y) < < 1 PSF(kx,ky) is the Point spread function (PSF)Point spread function Without PC optics With PC optics

12. Furhter Contrast Enhancement in Phase Contrast Microscopy Select part of illumination Reduce the size of the fat arrow

13. Proper Choice of the phase shift reverses contrast