1. Efficient Coding of Natural Sounds Grace Wang HST 722 Topic Proposal

2. Background Our natural environment consists of multiple sound sources and background noises with complex harmonic and temporal structures  Stationary harmonic structure (vocalizations)  Nonstationary structure (crunchy) Have our brains developed to be optimized for processing natural sounds efficiently?

3. Efficient coding hypothesis Shannon’s model for transferring data in communication systems (info theory) Barlow applied info theory to model neural behavior  Proposed spikes of neural populations was optimized to efficiently represent naturally occurring images and sounds  Efficiency = reduce redundancy to maximize independence  Largely consistent with early stages of visual processing  Is the same true for the auditory system?

4. Information in adjacent filters is highly redundant Nearly identical statistics across filters and across sound types Suggested natural sounds may be associated with bandwidth and translation invariance from Attias and Schreiner (1997), “Temporal low-order statistics of natural sounds”

5. How do we remove redundancy to achieve statistically independent neural responses? from Schwartz and Simoncelli (2000), “Natural sound statistics and divisive normalization in the auditory system”

6. Sound pressure waveform decomposition Differs from spectrograms by retaining the phase information from Smith and Lewicki (2005), “Efficient coding of time-relative structure using spikes”

7. Time-frequency distribution of optimal filter shapes Fourier transform may be sufficient for animal vocalizations Need wavelet analysis for environmental sounds and speech from Lewicki (2002), “Efficient coding of natural sounds”

8. Decompose into modulation spectra from Singh and Theunissen (2003), “Modulation spectra of natural sounds and ethological theories of auditory processing”

9. Discarding a lot of energy in white noise

10. from Singh and Theunissen (2003), “Modulation spectra of natural sounds and ethological theories of auditory processing”

12. Neural responses Increasing selectivity along ascending pathway for songs in zebra finches Optimal stimulus set in grasshoppers does not coincide completely with their natural sounds  Suggested neurons are optimized for behaviorally relevant sounds (Machens et al 2005)

13. Papers Background  Smith and Lewicki 2005: Efficient coding Discussion  Attias and Schreiner 1997: Demonstrate redundant representation in peripheral auditory system  Lewicki 2002: Fourier vs wavelet representation  Singh and Theunissen 2003: Modulation spectra Further reading  Machens et al 2005: grasshoppers, behaviorally relevant sounds  Hsu et al 2004: zebra finches, increasing selectivity