1. Spin and the Exclusion Principle Modern Ch. 7, Physical Systems, 20
Spin and the Exclusion Principle Modern Ch.7, Physical Systems, 20.Feb EJZ
Review Hydrogen atom, orbital angular momentum L
Electron spin s
Total angular momentum J = S + L= Spin + orbit
Applications: 21 cm line, Zeeman effect
Good QN and allowed transitions
Pauli exclusion principle
Periodic Table
Lasers

2. Hydrogen atom : Bohr model
We found rn = n2 r1, En = E1/n2, where the “principle quantum number” n labels the allowed energy levels.
Discrete orbits match observed energy spectrum

3. Hydrogen atom: Orbits are not discrete
(notice different r scales)

4. Hydrogen atom: Schrödinger solutions depend on new angular momentum quantum numbers
Quantization of angular momentum direction for l=2
Magnetic field splits l level in (2l+1) values of ml = 0, ±1, ± 2, … ± l

5. Hydrogen atom examples from Giancoli

6. Hydrogen atom plus L+S coupling:
Hydrogen atom so far: 3D spherical solution to Schrödinger equation yields 3 new quantum numbers:
l = orbital quantum number
ml = magnetic quantum number = 0, ±1, ±2, …, ±l
ms = spin = ±1/2
Next step toward refining the H-atom model:
Spin with
Total angular momentum J=L+s
with j=l+s, l+s-1, …, |l-s|

7. Total angular momentum:
Multi-electron atoms: J = S+L where
S = vector sum of spins,
L = vector sum of angular momenta
Spectroscopic notation: L=
S P D F
Allowed transitions (emitting or absorbing a photon of spin 1)
ΔJ = 0, ±1 (not J=0 to J=0) ΔL = 0, ±1
Δmj = 0, ±1 (not 0 to 0 if ΔJ=0) ΔS = 0
Δl = ±1

8. Discuss state labels and allowed transitions for sodium

9. Magnetic moment of electron
Magnetic moment: Bohr magneton models e- as spinning ball (or loop) of charge
We expect
but Stern-Gerlach experiment shows that
where g = …=gyromagnetic ratio
(electron is not quite a spinning ball of charge).

10. Application of Zeeman effect: 21-cm line
Electron feels magnetic field due to proton magnetic moment (hyperfine splitting).

11. Pauli Exclusion principle
Identical fermions have antisymmetric wavefunctions, so electrons cannot share the same energy state.
Fill energy levels in up-down pairs: 1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f …

12. LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Pump electrons up into metastable excited state.
One transition down stimulates cascade of emissions.
Monochromatic: all photons have same wavelength
Coherent: in phase, therefore intensity ~ N2