1. HEAT & TEMPERATURE

2. Temperature Scales

3. Heat Transfer and Warming

4. What happens to the heat?

5. Where does the heat go? It’s the Ocean!!!

6. Heat Capacity Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change an object’s temperature The oceans have 1000 x the heat capacity of the atmosphere The Oceans are Earth’s heat capacitors

7. Energy Balance Atmosphere Earth Warms A New Balance A Warmer World

8. Earth Warms Energy Balance: The Ocean Planet This takes 1000 years!!!

9. Heat Transfer Conduction –Molecule-to-molecule transfer Convection –Energy transferred by movement Advection –Horizontally dominant movement Radiation –Energy traveling through air or space

10. Heat Transfer Figure 3.7

11. Net Radiation= Incoming-Outgoing

12. Distribution of Net Radiation: R-Net Radiation H-Sensible Heat LE-Latent Heat G-Ground Storage Bowen Ratio= H/LE

13. Daily Radiation Patterns Figure 3.12

14. Principal Temperature Controls Latitude –Affects insolation (daylength, intensity) Altitude –High altitude has greater daily range –High altitude has lower annual average Cloud Cover –High albedo –Moderate temperatures – cooler days, warmer nights Surface Characteristics- albedo, aspect

15. Effects of Latitude Figure 3.17

16. Altitude Figure 3.18

17. Land–Water Heating Differences Figure 3.20

18. Marine vs. Continental Location

19. Urban Heat Island Figure 3.30

20. The Urban Environment

23. Causes of the Urban Heat Island: 1. increased RL ↓ due to absorption of outgoing RL and re-emission by pollution. 2. decreased net RL ↑ loss from canyons due to reduction in sky-view factor (SVF) by buildings. 3. greater shortwave radiation absorbed due to effect of canyon geometry on albedo. 4. greater day heat storage due to thermal properties of urban materials and its nocturnal release. 5. anthropogenic heat (QF) from building sides. 6. decreased evaporation (QE) due to removal of vegetation and surface ‘water proofing’ of city. 7. decreased loss of sensible heat (H) due to reduced winds in canopy.

24. Photograph (left) and thermal image (right) of a dense residential neighbourhood in Tokyo Japan. The skyline of the Shinjuku area of Tokyo is visible in the background. The thermal image was taken in early October during the late afternoon as the urban surface began to cool. The photograph was taken on a different day and is courtesy of M. Roth (National University of Singapore).