1. How do the environmental impacts of a growing population of a developed country, the United States, compares to the undeveloped country of India? By: Leonardo Caion-Demaestri Zoë Freedberg Taken from: http://www.claybennett.com/pages/divide.html

2. [Intro]duction Our world population is rapidly growing. Our world population is rapidly growing. Today: Over 6 billion people and on the riseToday: Over 6 billion people and on the rise Increased immigration / lack of migration (urbanization) Increased immigration / lack of migration (urbanization) Lack of education and contraceptive use Lack of education and contraceptive use Medical advancements Medical advancements Leads to environmental and social impacts.Leads to environmental and social impacts. Deforestation Deforestation Global Warming – Natural disasters, sea level rising Global Warming – Natural disasters, sea level rising Lack of natural resources Lack of natural resources Lack of freshwater Lack of freshwater Pollution Pollution Diseases Diseases India and United States may differ in demographics, etc. but the growing populations both result in similar environmental impacts. India and United States may differ in demographics, etc. but the growing populations both result in similar environmental impacts.

3. [H]ypothesis We predict that a growing population will cause: We predict that a growing population will cause: Higher rate of deforestation Higher rate of deforestation Greater loss of freshwater resources Greater loss of freshwater resources More pollution More pollution Increased global warming Increased global warming Strains of natural resources Strains of natural resources Social issues Social issues The differing nations will compare in that the trends will be the same, rates will differ. The differing nations will compare in that the trends will be the same, rates will differ.

4. [M]ethods We first searched to find what causes a growing population. We first searched to find what causes a growing population. We then looked to see the effects of the growing population on the environment. We then looked to see the effects of the growing population on the environment. Stella and Excel were used to display the impacts of the population growth on: Stella and Excel were used to display the impacts of the population growth on: Forest Area Forest Area Fresh Water Availability Fresh Water Availability We also compared the two different growing populations.We also compared the two different growing populations.

5. What are we [model]ing? India Population growth. India Population growth. United States Growth. United States Growth. Effects on Environmental Resources: Effects on Environmental Resources: Fresh Water Availability Fresh Water Availability Forest Areas Forest Areas Effects of varying levels of these subcategories. Effects of varying levels of these subcategories.

6. Why a [grow]ing population? United States United States Increased Immigration Rates Increased Immigration Rates Better health care Better health care Higher living standards Higher living standards Abortion Laws Abortion Laws Unintended Pregnancies ~ 40% births Unintended Pregnancies ~ 40% births Teenage PregnanciesTeenage Pregnancies India India Lack of Migration Lack of Education Desire for Male children Fertility rate declining Younger women having children Taken from: http://www.tashian.com/carl/archives/us-1896.gifTaken from: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/images/india-flag.jpg

7. [Water] and [Forest] Factor Freshwater Availability Freshwater Availability Misconception of Oceans as freshwater Misconception of Oceans as freshwater Human Bodies – 60% water Human Bodies – 60% water Sewage deposited in water Sewage deposited in water Health problems Health problems Per Capita Water Use Per Capita Water Use Forests Area Forests Area Urbanization – more paved areas Less parks and nature Lack of Oxygen production Increase Quantity of Carbon Dioxide (Greenhouse Gases) Global Warming Taken from: http://static.flickr.com/33/38490644_41f946c4f2_b.jpgTaken from: http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1996-07-28/washington-rain-forest.png

8. [Environ]mental Impacts Pollution – increase in cars and emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere Pollution – increase in cars and emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere Deforestation – increase in paved areas to house increasing population Deforestation – increase in paved areas to house increasing population Freshwater Availability – increase in waste production and contamination of water Freshwater Availability – increase in waste production and contamination of water Natural Resources – increase burning of fossil fuels, excessive use of coal Natural Resources – increase burning of fossil fuels, excessive use of coal Global Warming – overall increase in temperature and chances of natural disasters Global Warming – overall increase in temperature and chances of natural disasters Habitat Loss – change in ecosystems affecting trophic levels Habitat Loss – change in ecosystems affecting trophic levels

9. [Stella] Models Stocks – population, freshwater availability and forest areas. Stocks – population, freshwater availability and forest areas. Flows – births and deaths; precipitation and water use; and forest regeneration and trees cut down. Flows – births and deaths; precipitation and water use; and forest regeneration and trees cut down. Converters – birth rate and death rate; deforestation rate; and per capita water use. Converters – birth rate and death rate; deforestation rate; and per capita water use.

10. [Stella] Models India Population vs. Environ Impacts United States Population vs. Environ Impacts

11. [Stella] Model Population of India and US with no external pressures India is increasing at a faster rate than U.S. India is increasing at a faster rate than U.S. This is worrisome due to the lack of resources and financial stability to support such an increase. This is worrisome due to the lack of resources and financial stability to support such an increase. We only chose to model birth and death rate, but there are other limiting factors that encompass each, however they were not imperative to include in this research. We only chose to model birth and death rate, but there are other limiting factors that encompass each, however they were not imperative to include in this research. India Population (In billions)US Population (In millions)

12. [Excel] Model Comparing the Population of India and US with no external pressures Both increasing. Both increasing. India growth rate per year: India growth rate per year: 1.51%1.51% US growth rate per year: US growth rate per year: 0.92%0.92% India starts at a greater population. India starts at a greater population. WHY DO THEY DIFFER? WHY DO THEY DIFFER? EducationEducation GNPGNP Immigration/ MigrationImmigration/ Migration

13. [Excel] Model Population growth influencing water availability. Water availability decreases because there is not enough fresh water available due to the increasing demand. Water availability decreases because there is not enough fresh water available due to the increasing demand. US per capita: 6932 m^3 US per capita: 6932 m^3 India per capita: 1211 m^3 India per capita: 1211 m^3 US consumes more water at a faster rate due to its higher surface area and easier access to clean water, whereas India does not. US consumes more water at a faster rate due to its higher surface area and easier access to clean water, whereas India does not. US’s financial status permits usage of high-end technology to purify water. US’s financial status permits usage of high-end technology to purify water.

14. [Excel] Model Comparing Population growth of India and United States influencing water availability. WHY DO THEY DIFFER? WHY DO THEY DIFFER? Pollution ratesPollution rates TechnologyTechnology Surface AreaSurface Area Financial StabilityFinancial Stability Per Capita Water UsePer Capita Water Use

15. [Excel] Model Population growth influencing forest area India – The forest area started at ~67 million hectares, and continued at a steady deforestation rate of 0.0294 million. India – The forest area started at ~67 million hectares, and continued at a steady deforestation rate of 0.0294 million. United States – There is a clear exponential decrease in the forest area, leading to its possible crash, which can result in major ecosystem changes if actions not taken. United States – There is a clear exponential decrease in the forest area, leading to its possible crash, which can result in major ecosystem changes if actions not taken.

16. [Excel] Model Comparing population growth of India and United States influencing forest area India, although with a higher population than the United States shows a steady decrease in its forest area, whereas the United States has an extensive decrease due to its high immigration rates and urbanization, demanding more paved areas than India. India, although with a higher population than the United States shows a steady decrease in its forest area, whereas the United States has an extensive decrease due to its high immigration rates and urbanization, demanding more paved areas than India. Growing population puts pressure on forest areas because of urbanization and higher demands for wooden products. Growing population puts pressure on forest areas because of urbanization and higher demands for wooden products.

17. [General] Conclusions Our models show that there are negative environmental impact related to population growth – both in developed and underdeveloped countries. Our models show that there are negative environmental impact related to population growth – both in developed and underdeveloped countries. For every scenario, there were increases in deforestation rate and water usage For every scenario, there were increases in deforestation rate and water usage Although the reasons for the growth differed, the results were similar Although the reasons for the growth differed, the results were similar Taken From: http://www.greenberg-art.com/.Toons/.Toons,%20Environ/qqxsgOverpopulation%20eclipse.gif

18. [Impli]cations “What If’s” “What If’s” If we increase the number of people educated, then the birth rate would go down, resulting in a lower deforestation rate.If we increase the number of people educated, then the birth rate would go down, resulting in a lower deforestation rate. Decreasing the forest area will prevent natural processes from occurring (photosynthesis, nitrogen cycle) and increase global warming, natural disasters, damage to ecosystems, loss of animal life. Decreasing the forest area will prevent natural processes from occurring (photosynthesis, nitrogen cycle) and increase global warming, natural disasters, damage to ecosystems, loss of animal life. Decreasing water resources may in fact bring down the population due to decreasing food sources. Decreasing water resources may in fact bring down the population due to decreasing food sources.

19. [Sol]utions Increase education programs Increase education programs Later marriagesLater marriages Contraceptive useContraceptive use Less of a need for urbanization (jobs)Less of a need for urbanization (jobs) Be energy efficient (wind/ solar) Be energy efficient (wind/ solar) Organic farming Organic farming Sustainable development (build vertically) Sustainable development (build vertically) Plant more trees! Plant more trees! Have better governmental regulations for an improved economy Have better governmental regulations for an improved economy

20. Take Home Message Because this is an inevitable problem we must raise people’s awareness and environmental stewardship to lessen the effects of overpopulation. Because this is an inevitable problem we must raise people’s awareness and environmental stewardship to lessen the effects of overpopulation. Focus on the present, but have in mind the future, thus we must start changing our actions now to foresee the future we want! Focus on the present, but have in mind the future, thus we must start changing our actions now to foresee the future we want!

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