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Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law.

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Presentation on theme: "Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law."— Presentation transcript:

1 Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006) Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity, NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006) The Achievement Gap Conference Harvard Kennedy School of Government June 19, 2006

2 Current expenditures per pupil, 2001-02 7,380Georgia 7,434California 7,496Virginia 7,642Oregon 7,734Indiana 7,736Minnesota 7,741Nebraska 7,844West Virginia 7,935New Hampshire 7,956Illinois 8,069Ohio 8,537Pennsylvania 8,634Wisconsin 8,645Wyoming 8,653Michigan 8,692Maryland 8,818Maine 9,284Delaware 9,563Alaska 9,703Rhode Island 9,806Vermont 10,232Massachusetts 10,577Connecticut 11,218New York 11,793New Jersey 4,900Utah 5,354Mississippi 5,959Tennessee 5,964Arizona 6,011Idaho 6,029Alabama 6,079Nevada 6,213Florida 6,229Oklahoma 6,276Arkansas 6,424South Dakota 6,501North Carolina 6,523Kentucky 6,567Louisiana 6,709North Dakota 6,771Texas 6,882New Mexico 6,941Colorado 7,017South Carolina 7,039Washington 7,062Montana 7,135Missouri 7,306Hawaii 7,338Iowa 7,339Kansas 6,588Oregon 6,630Virginia 6,696North Dakota 6,703New Hampshire 6,762Georgia 6,868Minnesota 6,986Ohio 7,038West Virginia 7,059Kansas 7,079Indiana 7,126Iowa 7,129Pennsylvania 7,158Rhode Island 7,282Michigan 7,440Nebraska 7,442Maryland 7,475Massachusetts 7,674Maine 7,731Wisconsin 7,808Delaware 8,029Connecticut 8,087Wyoming 8,268New York 8,481Vermont 8,697New Jersey 4,505Utah 4,982Arizona 5,010Mississippi 5,338Florida 5,414Tennessee 5,423Nevada 5,463California 5,564Alabama 5,589Idaho 5,647Oklahoma 5,813New Mexico 5,819Washington 5,852Texas 5,866North Carolina 5,945Louisiana 5,973Arkansas 6,091Colorado 6,122Kentucky 6,271Hawaii 6,334Missouri 6,387South Carolina 6,459Montana 6,474South Dakota 6,474Alaska 6,479Illinois NOMINAL ADJUSTED

3 Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10 th (low) 50 th (med) 90 th (high) Mississippi North Carolina Connecticut $6,477$7,121 $8,855 $5,361$5,972 $7,004 $4,391$4,962$5,933 $4,000$5,000$6,000$7,000$8,000$9,000

4 Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10th to 50th percentile districts

5 Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 50th to 90th percentile districts * * * *

6 Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10th to 90th percentile districts

7 K-12 student demographics, 2001-02 (percentages) 17.227.316.249.313.4 12.49.416.270.23.9 16.317.0 60.18.3 Bottom third Top third United States PoorHispanicBlackWhiteLEP

8 Percent “proficient” on NAEP 4th Grade Reading, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test State standards = National standards “Best fit” line (average standards) National average

9 Percent “proficient” on NAEP 4th Grade Math, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test

10 Percent “proficient” on NAEP 8th Grade Reading, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test

11 Percent “proficient” on NAEP 8th Grade Math, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test

12 REVENUE = CAPACITY × EFFORT State/local (nonfederal) revenue per pupil (cost adjustment, weighted pupils) State personal income (SPI) State gross product (SGP) Total taxable resources (TTR) per pupil Capacity/Revenue

13 New Jersey8,906 134 233,517 121 3.81 110 Vermont8,801 133 183,494 95 4.80 138 Wyoming8,770 132 235,231 122 3.73 107 Connecticut8,393 127 254,776 132 3.29 95 New York8,292 125 220,390 114 3.76 108 Wisconsin8,022 121 202,675 105 3.96 114 Michigan7,822 118 174,776 90 4.48 129 Maryland7,764 117 238,353 123 3.26 94 Hawaii7,741 117 205,404 106 3.77 109 Minnesota7,740 117 214,846 111 3.60 104 Maine7,701 116 173,205 89 4.45 128 Ohio7,645 115 191,108 99 4.00 115 Massachusetts7,583 115 231,755 120 3.27 94 Iowa7,562 114 209,477 108 3.61 104 Indiana7,556 114 197,808 102 3.82 110 Delaware7,472 113 356,062 184 2.10 60 Pennsylvania7,469 113 207,423 107 3.60 104 Nonfederal revenue per pupil Capacity per pupil (TTR $000) Effort top third 2001-02

14 Montana6,135 93 159,272 82 3.85 111 Texas5,966 90 162,666 84 3.67 106 Kentucky5,900 89 184,717 95 3.19 92 Alaska5,859 88 139,316 72 4.21 121 North Carolina5,837 88 211,376 109 2.76 80 Arkansas5,765 87 154,396 80 3.73 108 Louisiana5,725 86 178,749 92 3.20 92 New Mexico5,722 86 146,888 76 3.90 112 Alabama5,643 85 162,612 84 3.47 100 Idaho5,583 84 153,727 79 3.63 105 California5,560 84 166,550 86 3.34 96 Arizona5,439 82 160,091 83 3.40 98 Florida5,386 81 198,904 103 2.71 78 Oklahoma5,238 79 149,935 77 3.49 101 Tennessee5,204 79 190,398 98 2.73 79 Utah4,900 74 138,964 72 3.53 102 Mississippi4,803 73 140,452 73 3.42 99 Nonfederal revenue per pupil Capacity per pupil (TTR $000) Effort bottom third 2001-02

15 Measure of fiscal capacity Correlation with state revenue per pupil, 2001-02 0.390.50 Effort 0.560.64 Capacity Adjusted TTR SPI 0.350.48 Effort 0.700.78 Capacity Nominal

16 Title I aid allocation = Poor children×State expenditure

17 102 103 105 106 108 112 113 117 118 121 125 126 134 137 140 147 149 157 196 208 239 % U.S. avg 74 76 78 83 84 86 88 89 91 93 94 95 97 99 100 101 % U.S. avg 1,299 1,320 1,339 1,341 1,359 1,382 1,433 1,442 1,492 1,496 1,512 1,513 1,515 1,550 1,595 1,612 1,715 1,747 1,790 1,886 1,910 2,010 2,508 2,666 3,060 Adjusted 944 971 995 1,060 1,074 1,101 1,102 1,106 1,120 1,124 1,130 1,133 1,160 1,166 1,186 1,200 1,205 1,208 1,211 1,235 1,236 1,269 1,281 1,297 Adjusted Title I aid per eligible child, 2003

18 $115,000,000111,985Oklahoma $159,000,000109,965Massachusetts $193,000,000193,358North Carolina $353,000,000200,757Michigan Title I aid, 2003 (cost-adjusted) # poor children Michigan gets 83% more than North Carolina Massachusetts gets 37% more than Oklahoma

19 Policy recommendations  National standards  Federal school finance reform Fix Title I National foundation plan Minimum state effort Federal aid inversely proportional to state capacity


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