1. Providing Tutoring Service through Accumulating Interaction Data Chi-Jen LIN Fo Guang University, Taiwan

2. The Needs of Tutoring Elementary schools, high schools, and universities Elementary schools, high schools, and universities especially for low learning achievement students especially for low learning achievement students Homework Homework Classroom teaching Classroom teaching

3. Providing Tutoring Service = AI ? Knowledge models in an typical ITS Knowledge models in an typical ITS Student model Student model Domain model Domain model Pedagogical model Pedagogical model AI / knowledge engineering background required: unsuitable for ordinary teaching AI / knowledge engineering background required: unsuitable for ordinary teaching

4. Human Tutoring Most domain experts are effective tutors (Chi, et al., 2001) Most domain experts are effective tutors (Chi, et al., 2001) Domain knowledge required Domain knowledge required Tutoring skills unimportant Tutoring skills unimportant Accumulating tutoring knowledge through tutoring Accumulating tutoring knowledge through tutoring

5. Tutoring Service in Focus Reducing human tutoring load by removing repeated parts Reducing human tutoring load by removing repeated parts Tutoring service without knowledge model development Tutoring service without knowledge model development Accumulating human tutoring interaction data Accumulating human tutoring interaction data

6. Tutoring Interaction Data Model Interaction session Interaction session Tutor-student interaction on a specific topic or task Tutor-student interaction on a specific topic or task Episode Episode A student action (situation) + a tutor action (response) A student action (situation) + a tutor action (response) Situation: Situation: A student action to be responded by the tutor A student action to be responded by the tutor Ex: an input of a student step in problem solving, a student question Ex: an input of a student step in problem solving, a student question Response: Response: The response given by the tutor The response given by the tutor could be nothing could be nothing

7. Database of Tutoring Interaction

8. Accumulating Tutoring Interaction Data Student interfaceTeacher interface Backend server Student Teacher Student action Teacher action Tutoring supportHelp request

9. Interaction Data Reuse: Matching Perfect matching Perfect matching All situation and response in the session matched All situation and response in the session matched Problem-solving path matching Problem-solving path matching All student steps in the session matched All student steps in the session matched Current situation matching Current situation matching Current student action matched Current student action matched

10. Application1: Linear Equation Exercises To familiarize students with techniques in solving linear equations To familiarize students with techniques in solving linear equations To correct common student mistakes by providing feedbacks to student errors To correct common student mistakes by providing feedbacks to student errors

11. Data Repetition Problem: 3x – 4 = 2x -1 2[3(2x-5)-1] = 7x+3 (2x+5)/4-3(x-1/2)=1 Student step repetition 93%87%66%

12. Application2: Learning of Syntax and Semantic of Computer Languages Students tend to remember the surface meaning of program codes without actually understand their semantic Students tend to remember the surface meaning of program codes without actually understand their semantic eg: boy_mc.x = boy_mc.x + 5; eg: boy_mc.x = boy_mc.x + 5; Provide students with code interpretation exercises Provide students with code interpretation exercises computer feedbacks to student answers computer feedbacks to student answers

13. Conclusions Interaction data reuse (IDR) is a potential approach for ordinary teachers to developing automated tutoring services Interaction data reuse (IDR) is a potential approach for ordinary teachers to developing automated tutoring services The development of data reuse engine and UI development tools are the next steps The development of data reuse engine and UI development tools are the next steps