1. Exploring the Internet 91.113-021 Instructor: Michael Krolak 91.113-031 Instructor: Patrick Krolak See also http://www.cs.uml.edu/~pkrolak/http://www.cs.uml.edu/~pkrolak/ Authors: P. D. & M. S. Krolak Copyright 2005

2. Tonight The Internet Source http://www.xenophilia.com/pics/fmobbury.gif

3. Class Announcements Class Notes Have been posted.

4. Follow Up from Last Class Source:

5. Exploring the Internet 91.113 Topic: A Brief History of the Internet P. D. Krolak & M.S. Krolak © 2005- 2010

6. First there was the idea... Vannevar Bush outlines the idea of hypermedia in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945 in “As We May Think”. He describes a futuristic machine called the Memex. Source: http://folk.uio.no/arneal/Oblig2/MemexTitle.gif

7. What is the Internet? “The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term "Internet". "Internet" refers to the global information system that -- (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein."

8. Brief history of the Internet 1.Created as research network and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack. 2.The university phase – major research schools joined the net to share and communicate research ideas. 3.People network when browsers made it easy for the non geek to use it. 4.Commercial and government phase,i.e. ecommerce and egovernment.

9. Brief history of the Internet (cont.) 5. Wireless and age of the intelligent machines, smart houses, smart cars. Wireless devices merge the telephone, the computer, and the entertainment center. Can be hand held like PDAs, Blackberries, etc. Can be laptops. Your car will soon have a local area network of several hundred computers that will connect to Web.

10. ENIAC- World’s First General Purpose Programmable Computer

11. In the beginning... (Oct. 4, 1957) … there was Sputnik, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “This is bad.” And so he founded ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Source: NASA/JPL

12. What is ARPA? Created "for the direction or performance of such advanced projects in the field of research and development as the Secretary of Defense shall, from time to time, designate by individual project or by category." Source: http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html

13. The Visionary of the Internet In August 1962, J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.

14. A Vision of HyperText and HyperLinks In 1965, Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network. Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”

15. What is HyperText? hypertext n. 1. The organization of information units into connected associations that a user can choose to make. An instance of such an association is called a link or hypertext link or a hyperlink. Source: http://www.indrum.com/planet/glossary.htm

16. What is ARPANET? August 30, 1969 – ARPANET, the first Wide Area Network, is introduced. The first manifestation of ARPANET connected four universities. Implements TCP/IP and packet switching Source: http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/MUSEUM/PICTURE/ARPANET.JPG

17. Networked Email Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971 using a program called SNDMSG Source: http://openmap.bbn.com/%7Etomlinso/ray/ka10.html

18. CSNET 1980, NSF funds the development of a network for universities not doing research for DARPA (previously known as ARPA) Estimated one day to build Limited to computer science departments because commercial interests were deemed impractical. Connected ARPANET and CSNET 56 Kbps network Dr. Lawrence Landweber

19. USENET Started in 1979 as a “poor man’s ARPANET” at Duke University. Postings to USENET are called articles. Postings are categorized into newsgroups.

20. MILNET Started between 1983 and 1984, it separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics. Only carried unclassified information Still exists today

21. Local Area Networks Local Area Networks (LANs) are computers connected by a network and are close to each other as in one building or collection of buildings.

22. BITNET Because It's Time Network

23. FIDONET FidoNet was invented in 1984 by Tom Jennings to move messages to Bulletin Board Services (BBS). The entire system was done through telephone calls during the National Mail Hour. It was organized entirely by private citizens.

24. NSFNET Created in 1985, it was a 1.5 Mbps (T1) network. ARPANET is shut down in 1990 and all of its users are migrated to NSFNET

25. Archie, Veronica, and Jughead Before the web, Archie was a program for finding anonymous ftp files on the Internet. The University of Minnesota created a pre-web scheme find information on the Internet using servers called ‘gophers’. Veronica and Jughead were programs that performed the search.

26. The World Wide Web (WWW) or the web The web is a major change in the development of the Internet. The creation of a browser tied to the hyperlinked document allowed the non-technical person use the web as a virtual library, an online shopping mall, and a means of social interaction. These and a host of other applications evolved in the relatively short space of a few years in the mid-nineties.

27. Along Came the World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee created the concept of documents located all over the Internet linked by highlighted text within the documents, i.e. the web. Work done at CERN, the European Laboratory of Particle Physics Lab.

28. The First Popular Browser: Mosaic

29. The Global Picture by 1995

30. And along came Netscape... In 1993, making $6.85 an hour working at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champlain. By the end of 1995, he was worth over $170 million Source: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-03-09-internet_x.htm

31. Never to be outdone In 1975, Bill Gates drops out of Harvard University. Nov. 16, 1995, Goldman, Sachs & Co. removed Microsoft's stock from its “recommended for purchase” list. Turns Microsoft around and becomes wealthiest man in the world.

32. Open Source Goes Mainstream Linus Torvalds, a Finnish college student, creates Linux, an open source version of UNIX in 1991. Soon a worldwide network of programmers began developing features and using Linux. Linux, a free Operating System, rivals Microsoft in Web Servers. In June 2002, Steve Balmer of Microsoft states, "Linux is a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches."

33. Google Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California Google’s search engine ranks page importance by links to it Larry Page and Sergey Brin Google co-founders

34. Yahoo! “The two founders of Yahoo!, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in a campus trailer in February 1994 as a way to keep track of their personal interests on the Internet. Before long they were spending more time on their home- brewed lists of favorite links than on their doctoral dissertations. Eventually, Jerry and David's lists became too long and unwieldy, and they broke them out into categories. When the categories became too full, they developed subcategories... and the core concept behind Yahoo! was born. The Web site started out as "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually received a new moniker with the help of a dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“ Source: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/misc/history.html

35. Amazon.com Jeff Bezos, a former hedge fund manager and Vice President for Bankers Trust Company, founds Amazon.com in his garage in 1995. After a thorough analysis of the mail order industry, Bezos discovered that there did not exist a dominant mail order catalogue for books. By 1997, the market capitalization of Amazon.com was worth more than the two largest competitors, Barnes and Nobles and Border’s Books, combined. Source: http://www.webplanet.ru/upimg/1076.jpg

36. Craigslist Craigslist is a centralized network of online communities, featuring free online classified advertisements The site serves over twenty billion page views per month, putting it in 33rd place overall among web sites worldwide and 7th place overall among web sites in the United States (2010) Craig Newmark Craigslist founder

37. Ebay Starting out as an online auction site in 1995 and went public in 1998. Making instant Billionaires out of its founders. It added Buy It Now for people who wanted to get the item immediately. In 2002 it bought PayPal

38. Wikipedia Jimmy Wales Wikipedia founder

39. Dotcom Boom Investors dumped $30 billion into dot-com startups in 2000 One million new web pages a day Founders who were bought out early made fortunes overnight. Advent of day traders

40. Napster In 1999, Shawn Fanning, an 18-year-old Northeastern University dropout worked for days without sleep in his uncle's office creating Napster Source: http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/pwm/fanning.html

41. Dotcom Bust March 10 th, 2000 Two years later the tech heavy NASDAQ index (above) was almost less than two fifth’s of its price. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png

42. Bert is Evil In the aftermath of 9/11, bertisevil.com gets strange form of advertising : an Osama bin Laden rally.

43. Apple Strikes Back Steve Jobs releases iTunes for the Mac and Windows. The majority of Apple profits begin coming from iTunes. iTunes released as part of a cell phone.

44. FireFox Released A free, cross-platform, open-source, graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation released in November 9, 2004 No Spyware reported.

45. Youtube YouTube is a video- sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. YouTube was created in February 2005. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube Chad Hurley and Steve Chen 2 of the YouTube founders

46. Social Networking The rise in social networking is changing the way we communicate. Digital data traffic volume now exceeds voice.

47. MySpace

48. Facebook Mark Zuckerberg Facebook founder

49. Twitter Evan Williams Blogger and Twitter founder

50. Facebook and Twitter Growth Social Media. Facebook user base has risen to 430 million year-over-year, roughly the same increase as QQ in China. Twitter, while sporting only 58 million users experienced a 1238% year-over-year growth rate. Facebook now dominates in chat, messaging, video sharing, games, VoIP and more. Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals- massive-mobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWI5cnuU Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No DerivativesMassive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyondhttp://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals- massive-mobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWI5cnuUAttribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

51. Social Network Traffic

52. Social Media Revolution

53. The Age of the Wireless Internet Wireless devices connected to the internet opens whole new applications from intelligent phones and cars, mobile robots, and smart sensors.

54. Mobile Web Growth in 2010 The mobile Internet is growing faster and will be bigger than the desktop Internet did due to five converging technologies and social adoption trends: 3G, social networking, video, VoIP and impressive mobile devices. Use of the mobile Internet is driving mobile device growth exponentially faster that any previous computing technology. Mobile Internet devices (MID’s) could reach 10 (ten) BILLION units in 2010. New companies often win big as emerging technologies create wealth. For example, HP rose in the 70′s as mini-computers dominated; the same with Apple, Microsoft and Cisco when personal computers grabbed markets in the 80′s; and Google, Amazon and Baidu upon the appearance of desktop Internet computing in the 90′s. Who will be the rising stars as the mobile Internet crushes older technologies? Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWFjQanc Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No DerivativesMassive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWFjQancAttribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

55. Growing Dominance of Data Traffic Mobile phones are now all about data as voice usage drops: 70% voice for an average cell phone, 45% voice for the iPhone. This is true in most developed nations, including Japan, where voice traffic is declining 2% a year. Web browsing on the mobile Internet is highly bandwidth intensive. Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWLO9XZu Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No DerivativesMassive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWLO9XZuAttribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

57. What is 3G (3rd Generation Wireless)?

58. 3G Market share 2010 3G subscriber penetration exceeds 20% in 2010 (the “sweet spot”) and grows to over 40% by 2014, concentrated in developed nations. U.S. has overtaken Japan in 3G user base. While 3G growth is substantial, other wireless technologies–GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth–are growing at the same rate or faster than 3G. Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWKTtMzk Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No DerivativesMassive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internet- growth/#ixzz0zWKTtMzkAttribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

59. What is 4G (4 th Generation Wireless)?

60. Video and other Apps Fuel Growth While consumers have preferred desktop video delivery, mobile usage will likely follow, as YouTube, Hulu and other Internet streaming devices, such as the Roku Video Player deliver video on increasingly faster wired and wireless networks. (Internet streaming video potentially a direct threat to cable and satellite content delivery.)Roku Video Player Incredible stat. “If VoIP leader Skype were a carrier, it would be the largest carrier in the world with 521 million registered users. iPhone and Android mobile usage share is much higher than shipment share due, mostly, to the growth of available applications, blowing apps for BlackBerry, Windows, Palm, Nokia, Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson out of the water. Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive- mobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWMEL224 Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No DerivativesMassive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyondhttp://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive- mobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWMEL224Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

61. Take-Aways Hypermedia Packet Switching HTTP World Wide Web Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network (LAN) Browser Wars Peer to Peer Software Meow Wars USENET Newsgroup Email Dotcoms

62. References Bush, Vannevar “The Atlantic Monthly” July 1945 “As We May Think” republished at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bu sh.html http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bu sh.html http://www.businessweek.com/1996/29/b34842.htm