1. تهيه كننده : علي برادران هاشمي Operating systems and system softwares گارگاه کامپیوتر

2. 2 Manage the computer ’ s resources CPU Memory Disk drives Printers user interface Establish a user interface Execute Execute and provide services for applications software input and output Carries out all input and output operation Functions of OS

3. 3 Facilitates communication between the user and the operating system Two forms Command line Text-based Key commands Examples: MS-DOS, Unix Graphical user interface (GUI) Visual images Menus Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux User Interface

4. 4 The Components of System Software Operating system - the principal component of system software Device drivers - help the computer control peripheral devices Utility programs - support, enhance, or expand existing programs

5. 5 Booting - the process of loading an operating system into a computer’s main memory The Operating System: booting

6. 6 User interface - user-controllable display screen that allows you to communicate, or interact, with your computer User Interface

7. 7 Supervisor (kernel) - program which remains in main memory while the computer is running, and directs other “nonresident” programs to perform tasks that support application programs The OS also manages memory via: Partitioning - division of memory into separate areas called partitions, each of which can hold a program or data. Foreground/background - division of memory into higher priority (foreground) and lower priority (background) areas. Queues - temporary line-ups for programs waiting to be executed. CPU Management

8. 8 Move Rename Delete Copy Back up File Management

9. 9 Task Management Number of Users Number of Processors Order of Processing Multi-taskingOne Concurrently Time sharingMultipleOneRound robin Multi-processingOne or moreTwo or moreSimultaneously

10. 10 Time-slicing Time-slicing : the apportionment of tiny slices of time (fractions of a second) to various tasks, which allows time sharing to take place. Two possible approaches to multiprocessing: Coprocessing Coprocessing - the controlling CPU works together with specialized microprocessors called coprocessors, each of which handles a particular task. Parallel processing Parallel processing - several full-fledged processors work together on the same tasks, sharing memory. Working in parallel

11. 11 Security Formatting (initializing) a disk - the process of preparing that disk so that it can store data or programs Security management

12. 12 Device drivers specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs

13. 13 Backup utility Backup utility program which makes a duplicate copy of the information on your hard disk Backup NOW! by NTI is one such utility. Data-recovery utility Data-recovery utility Program which restores data that has been physically damaged or corrupted Utilities: Service Programs

14. 14 Antivirus software Antivirus software program that scans hard disks, floppy disks, and memory to detect viruses Data compression utility Data compression utility program which removes redundant elements, gaps, and unnecessary data from a computer’s storage space so that less space (fewer bits) is required to store or transmit data Utilities: Service Programs

15. 15 Fragmentation Fragmentation - the scattering of portions of files about the disk in nonadjacent areas, thus greatly slowing access to the files Defragmenter utility Defragmenter utility - program that finds all the scattered files on your hard disk and reorganizes them as contiguous files Utilities: Service Programs

16. 16 Disk scanner and disk cleanup utilities: Detect & remove unnecessary files Detect & correct disk problems Utilities: Service Programs

17. 17 Platform the particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based Disk Operating System (DOS) the original operating system produced by Microsoft, which had a hard-to-use command-driven user interface Common Operating Systems Desktop & Laptop Operating Systems

18. 18 Mac OS operating system which runs only on Apple Macintosh computers first launched in 1984, and inspired rival Microsoft to upgrade DOS to the more user-friendly Windows operating systems. It set the standard for icon-oriented, easy-to-use graphical user interfaces. Mac OS

19. 19 Microsoft Windows 3.X - released in 1992; simply a layer over DOS Microsoft Windows 95/98 - successors to 3.X Plug and Play - the ability of a computer to automatically configure a new hardware component that is added to it. MS-Windows ME MS-Windows 2000 MS-Windows XP Desktop & Laptop Operating Systems

20. 20 Novell’s Netware A long popular network operating system for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs) throughout a company or campus Netware was introduced by Novell in 1983. It was the first LAN software based on file-server technology. Network Operating Systems

21. 21 Controls and coordinates linked computers Network Server Coordinates communication with other computers The operating system is located on the network server’s hard disk. Windows NT NT stands for “New Technology.” Microsoft’s multitasking OS designed to run on network servers. it allows multiple users to share resources such as data and programs. Windows 2000 - successor to Windows NT Network Operating Systems

22. 22 Windows XP Microsoft’s newest OS, which combines elements of Windows 2000 and Windows Me Network Operating Systems

23. 23 UNIX UNIX A multitasking operating system for multiple users with built-in networking capability and versions that can run on all kinds of computers Sun Microsystems’ Solaris super-reliable version of Unix that seems to be most popular for handling large e- commerce servers and large websites. Network Operating Systems

24. 24 Free BSD Free BSD Free software which began in the 1970s in the the computer science department of the University of California at Berkeley. There are now three variations: Free BSD The Free BSD Project, focused on standard PCs; NetBSD NetBSD - focused on a wide range of platforms; OpenBSD OpenBSD - focused on security; Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

25. 25 Linux A free version of UNIX, with continual improvements resulting from the efforts of tens of thousands of volunteer programmers Linux

26. 26 Open-source software software which any programmer can download from the Internet for free and modify with suggested improvements The Open Source Initiative is a non-profit corporation “dedicated to managing and promoting the Open Source Definition for the good of the community.” Linux Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux

27. 27 Embedded Operating System Operating Systems for Handhelds Embedded Operating System Palm OS Palm OS the dominant OS for handhelds, which runs the Palm and Handspring Visor, and is licensed to other companies Windows CE Windows CE Pocket PC Pocket PC now Pocket PCPocket PC slimmed-down version of Windows for handhelds

28. 28.Net.Net Microsoft’s platform for an OS for the entire Internet, designed to link unrelated websites so that people can organize all info in their lives using PCs and smaller devices E-speak E-speak HP’s version of an Internet OS, or “universal language,” that allows different websites to communicate with one another Jini Jini Sun Microsystems’ software designed to let all types of electronic gadgets on a wired or wireless network communicate with one another The OS of the Future: “ The Network is the Computer ”

29. 29 Distributed system a non-centralized network consisting of several computers and other devices that can communicate with one another The Opposite Possibility: No One Company Dominates

30. 30 Online Software & Application Software Providers ASP (Application Service Provider) - a firm that leases software over the Internet to customers

31. 31 DOS Windows For Workgroups (3.1) Windows 95, 98, ME NT 3.X, 4.X Windows 2000 Windows XP Microsoft OS Release History

32. 32 Windows 95/98/ME Built on an “open” memory model. Designed for wide application support. Targeted for the “home” consumer. Unstable but supports most hardware and software. Inefficient use of resources. Windows 9X

33. 33 Windows NT 3.51/4.0 & Windows 2000 Code base built on a User/Executive mode model. Provides “protected” process/memory space. True multi-tasking/multithreaded. Improved stability, performance and security. Hardware and software must be compatible - Limited vendor support. Windows NT/2000

34. 34 Windows 2000 Simplified Architecture Executive Device Drivers Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Kernel User Kernel Win32 User Apps Subsystem DLL System & Service Processes POSIXOS/2 Win32 User/GDI Environment Subsystems

35. 35 Engineered for stability Strong security Versions NT Workstation NT Server Drawbacks Lacks support for older Windows and MS-DOS software and hardware Complex to learn and use Requires more memory and processing power Windows NT New Technology

36. 36 Stability features Security features Uses simple approach to hardware setup from Windows 98 Versions Windows 2000 Professional for individual users Windows 2000 for network servers Was intended for both the corporate and home use, replacing Win NT and Win 98 Windows 2000

37. 37 Complex Heavy demand for computer resources Improvements over windows NT Maintains user preferences Self-healing applications software Supports Windows 98 file structure Uses plug and play Provides improved support for laptops Windows 2000

38. 38 Microsoft Windows XP Merges the compatibility features of Windows 9.X with the stability, performance and security of Windows NT/2000. Includes a wide range of “usability” enhancements. XP

39. 39 Windows XP has been released in 3 different editions: Windows XP Home Edition Windows XP Professional Edition Windows XP 64-Bit Edition XP Desktop OS – 3 Flavors

40. 40 Windows XP Home Edition is the least expensive version of the operating system and contains the fewest features XP Home Edition is a “consumer” based operating system and is intended to upgrade or replace Windows 95,98 and ME installations Windows XP Home Edition

41. 41 XP Professional is the best choice for “power” users and business desktops More expensive than Home Edition (Amazon.com list = $299/$199) Comparison website: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/ho me/howtobuy/choosing2.asp Windows XP Professional

42. 42 Intel Itanium Microsoft’s first 64-bit Operating System for the Intel Itanium processor Designed for scientific and very high end users requiring 64-bit computing. Supports up to 16 gigabytes of RAM and up to 8 Terabytes of virtual memory Additional memory support will be added as hardware capabilities expand Windows XP 64-Bit

43. 43 Brand new look and feel! Redesigned Start Menu Taskbar groupings New file and folder navigation pane that displays tasks and details Many more “wizards” and customizable views making complex tasks easier for the novice Microsoft ClearType® Windows XP Features

44. 44 Impressive reliability and superb performance! Startup is on average 34% faster than Windows 2000 and 27% faster than 98 Average application launch equal to Windows 2000 and 25% faster than in Windows 98 Windows XP Features

45. 45 Performance Comparison

46. 46 Improved manageability Remote Desktop/Remote Assistants Device Driver Rollback Tool File and Settings Transfer New System Restore Wizard User State Migration Tool Upgrade Uninstall to previous version Fast User Switching Windows XP Features

47. 47 Improved Security Windows Update helps to deploy the latest security patches New Credential Manager – secure store for password and account information Windows File Protection Internet Connection Firewall Built in IPSec and Kerberos support Windows XP Features

48. 48 Software Upgrades and Enhancements Internet Explorer 6.0 Windows Media Player for XP DirectX 8.1 Native CD-R and CD-RW support built into Windows Explorer Windows XP Features

49. 49 Mobile/Laptop user features and support Multiple monitor support Enhanced battery life (Lid Power and LCD Dimming controls) Encrypted File System with multi-user support Rich support for Wireless Networking Windows XP Features

50. 50 Microsoft “Whistler” in final beta stages. More.Net enhancements “Topaz” in spring of 2002 What ’ s Next?

51. 51 Where used Embedded systems Industrial controllers Robots Office equipment Cameras Telephones Home entertainment devices Automobile navigation systems Pocket PC Internet appliance market Less memory Smaller screens Little or no file storage Provides Internet connectivity Windows CE Consumer Electronics

52. 52 Advantages over Windows Extremely stable Internet support Reinstallation is simpler Disadvantage Scarcity of applications Linux vs Windows

53. 53 Any Question?