1. The Animal Welfare Challenge to Hunting At Cape Cod National Seashore: Social Psychology and Resource Management Walter F. Kuentzel Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont

2. Pro-Hunting/Anti-Hunting Controversy

3. What’s All the Fuss? 1961 Enabling Legislation Permitted Hunting Not Many Hunters (~2000) Perhaps 100-200 Low Profile Poor Habitat

5. The Legal Challenge http://dep.state.ct.us/burnatr/wildlife/factshts/pheasant.htm 2002 - Fund for Animals 2003 - Fund for Animals, Humane Society of US, Area Residents Stopped the Pheasant Hunt Conditions Have Changed Ordered an EIS - All Hunting Programs

6. How Does Social Psychology Help? Attitude Theory Social Cognition –Social Identity Theory

7. Attitudes, Behavior, and the “Educate-the-Public” Myth

8. White Pine

9. Birch

12. Educate the Public? Attitude Structure Attitude Strength Salience Polarization

13. Polling Culture? Justify Decisions –Opposition/Support –Avoid Lawsuits –Social Acceptability Participatory Democracy – Identify Stakeholders – Facilitate Discourse – Consensus Building

14. Recreation Conflict Goal Interference Activity Style Resource Specificity Mode of Experience Tolerance for Lifestyle Diversity Social Values Conflict Face-to-Face contact not necessary for perceived conflict

15. How do we know when people are different? and How do we know when those differences matter? Social Identity Theory 1) Positive In-Group; Negative Out-Group Attributions 2) Variation in Willingness to Attribute Differences 3) Self-Identity and Group Membership

16. Hunting Attitudes Group Identification Onsite Conflict Hunter Survey –Field –License –Volunteer Resident Survey –6 Cape Towns –Seashore Property

17. Mailed Questionnaire August – Sept., 2005 5-Contact Protocol Hunter – 60.4% (n=413) Resident – 57.9% (n=754)

18. Pro-Hunting/Anti-Hunting Scale 8 Pro-Hunting Statements – 8 Anti-Hunting Statements (Adapted from Wood, 1997) Examples: Pro-Hunting Hunting is an important wildlife management tool Hunting should be supported, because it is an important tradition in American culture Examples: Anti-Hunting Hunting encourages a culture of violence in today’s society Hunting is cruel, because hunters wound and cripple too many animals Additive Index from -32 to +32

19. Attitudes About Hunting

20. Social Identity Scale 5 Semantic Differential Scales Quiet-Loud Safe-Unsafe Humble-Arrogant Courteous-Discourteous Friendly-Unfriendly Sum the Differences – Average – 0 to 96

21. Importance of Group Differences

22. Onsite Conflict Hunters: I have been harassed by people who were not hunting at the Seashore. Residents: I have felt unsafe seeing people hunting in the Seashore. I have felt unsafe hearing shots from people hunting at the Seashore. 4-Point Scale: 1)No, not at all 2)No, not much 3)Yes, somewhat 4)Yes, definitely

23. Hunter Harassment How were you harassed? (n=323, 46.5%) 94 – Verbal abuse 15 – Noise (car horns, whistles, loud music 42 – Field protests 5 – Obscene gestures 6 – Called the authorities 7 – other (frightening dogs, scratching vehicles

24. Hunter Harassment What did you do about it? 44 – Ignored them, went about my business 61 – Moved away, continued my hunt 14 – Talked with the people 7 – Contacted Seashore officials 14 – Left the Seashore 6 - Other

25. Hunter Arguments What was the argument about? (n=47, 13.4%) 16 – Anti-hunting 2 – Pheasants 7 – Hunters and safety 2 – Conflicting activities 15 – Miscellaneous hunting issues 5 – Not specified

26. Residents Who Felt Unsafe Around Hunters What did you do about it? (n=232, 33.6%) 60 – I did nothing 16 – Contacted Seashore officials 14 – Wore blaze orange 49 – Moved away from hunters 56 – Left the Seashore 5 – Asked hunters to move 23 - Other

27. Residents Who Felt Unsafe Hearing Shots What did you do about it? (n=236, 35.6%) 78 – I did nothing 12 – Contacted Seashore officials 7 – Wore blaze orange 42 – Moved away from hunters 54 – Left the Seashore 5 – Asked hunter to move 28 - Other

28. Onsite Conflict Model Pro-Hunting/Anti-Hunting (Attitudes) Group Formation (Social Identity) Onsite Conflict

29. Siege Mentality vs. the Dirty Bastard Spiral Hunters - Siege Mentality Social Identity – Harassment – Polarization

30. Importance of Group Differences

31. Siege Mentality vs. the Dirty Bastard Spiral Residents – Dirty Bastard Spiral Anti-Hunting Attitudes – Fear – Social Identity

32. Attitudes About Hunting

33. Norms and Onsite Conflict

34. Norms and Cape Cod Hunting Very Acceptable Very Unacceptable

35. Norms and Cape Cod Hunting Very Acceptable Very Unacceptable

36. Predicting Behavior?