1. Anycast Jennifer Rexford Advanced Computer Networks http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall08/cos561/ Tuesdays/Thursdays 1:30pm-2:50pm

2. Naming and Addressing Some definitions –Name: what we seek –Address: where it is located Examples –Wide area: www.cnn.com vs. 63.251.179.13 –LAN: 63.251.179.13 vs. 00:16:CF:1C:D0:24 What should we name and address? –Objects: http://www.cnn.com/election-over.htm –Hosts: www.cnn.com or 63.251.179.13 –ASes: 7018

3. Anycast: Application-Level vs. IP-Level

4. Many Services are Replicated Servers in many locations –Reliability: copies that fail independently –Performance: clients directed to nearby replicas

5. Anycast –One-to-many association of name to endpoints –Each destination represents a set of receivers –Only one receives information from a given sender Questions –How to name the (replicated) service? URL, host name, IP address, … –How to decide which instance receives traffic? Network proximity, load balancing policies, … –How “sticky” should the binding be? Each packet independent? Connection-oriented?

6. IP Anycast Announce IP prefix in interdomain routing –At each replica location Rely on global routing to direct traffic –To the “nearest” replica 63.251.179.13

7. IP Anycast: Pros and Cons Advantages –Completely transparent to clients and routers –Scales well for a large group of replicas –End-to-end paths automatically efficient Disadvantages –Pollutes the global routing system –Separate /24 for each replicated service –Does not consider server load –Different packets may reach different replicas –Slow BGP convergence after a withdrawal

8. Application-Level Anycast URL rewriting –Server dynamically rewrites HTML page –E.g., image at foo23.bar.com vs. foo46.bar.com Application-level redirection –Explicit redirection of a request to new location –E.g., HTTP 302 “Moved Temporarily” DNS redirection –Change mapping of domain name to address –E.g., www.cnn.com to 8.15.7.117

9. Application-Layer Anycast: Pros and Cons Advantages –Fine-grain control of load across group members –Can easily incorporate variety of criteria –Successive packets delivered to the same replica Disadvantages –Need to identify location of the requesting client Especially difficult for DNS-based redirection –Extra round-trip times for redirection –Small TTLs to prevent long DNS caching –Boot-strapping to find redirecting/lookup server

10. Anycast in Practice Content Distribution Networks (CDNS) –Direct Web clients to site replica –E.g., URL rewriting, HTTP redirection, or DNS Reliable root DNS servers –Direct DNS queries to nearby DNS server –E.g., IP anycast

11. Improving IP Anycast Improvements –Considering network and server load –Ensuring successive packets reach same replica Anycast proxies –Proxies announce common IP prefix –And tunnel packets to group members Route control platforms –Collects networks and server load information –Determines which replica receives the requests

12. Other Uses of Anycast-Like BGP Prefix Announcements

13. Evolvability: Opt-In to Partially Deployed Solution New protocol partially deployed as overlay –E.g., IPv6 Nodes announce common IP prefix –To suck user traffic into the overlay Participating host tunnels its traffic

14. Mobility: Dynamic Announcements & Withdrawals Boeing Connexion service Internet 12.78.3.0/24 http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0405/abarbanel.html

15. Security: Hijacking the Hijacker Prevent BGP route hijacking –Group of nodes collectively announce prefix –And form overlay to deliver to the destination 12.1.0.0/16 Tries to hijack http://www.cs.princeton.edu/research/techreps/TR-808-07

16. Discussion Application vs. IP anycast –Early binding vs. late binding? Granularity of naming and addressing? –Services, hosts, or ASes? Handling change in replica selection? –Unplanned: failure and physical mobility –Planned: maintenance, load balancing, migration Protecting health of the Internet? –DNS abuse (with small, cache-busting TTLs) –BGP abuse (with many prefixes and updates)

17. Next Class, on Thursday I will be out of town –At NSF serving on a proposal review panel Guest lecture by Changhoon Kim –Scalable Ethernet architecture for large enterprises –Flat addressing, separating host name and location, route caching, reactive cache invalidation