1. History of the Internet MSc Publishing on the Web Week 1

2. Aims and Objectives To provide an overview of the origins and development of the Internet To highlight some of the significant developments that have made it usable To highlight the growing demand

3. Origin of the Internet First conceived in the 1960’s How could communications continue after a nuclear strike A newer networking system was invented by Paul Baran in 1964 Ted Nelson devised hypertext in 1965 First test network based on Baran’s proposal was installed in UK in 1968

4. Origin of the Internet Soon afterwards the US set up the APRA network based on that of the UK The first node of the ARPANET was installed in UCLA in 1969

5. Seventies (1) Number of nodes on ARPANET increases to 23 ARPANET allowed researchers and universities to share expensive computing resources. 1970: ALOHAnet developed. Laying the ground work for Ethernet networking. 1973: International nodes, in England and Norway, were added to ARPANET

6. Seventies (2) 1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish “A Protocol for Packet Network Internetworking” which establishes the Transmission Control Protocol. 1976: UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T CCITT defines the X.25 protocol for public packet switched networks.

7. Seventies (3) 1978: Vint Cerf and others begin the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) 1979: First MUD created at Essex University – the start of networked multi user gaming. Proved to be very popular! Internet as we know it still limited to the military, research and university use.

8. Eighties (1) 1981: IBM PC launched at a price of $4500. 64,000 were sold in the first four months 1982: Number of Internet hosts reached 200. In America, the Defence Data Network (later known as MILNET) established. US Defence Secretary establishes the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol as the protocol suite for ARPANET and all military networks.

9. Eighties (2) 1983: The ARPANET was divided into military and civilian sections. Beginning of the Internet as we now know it. ARPANET switches from NCP to TCP/IP 1984: JANET was created in the UK to serve higher education 1986: The number of Internet hosts exceeds 5000

10. Eighties (3) 1987: The number of Internet hosts exceeds 10,000 The introduction of notorious Internet viruses 1988: The introduction of IRC - Internet Relay Chat 1989: The number of Internet hosts exceeds 100,000

11. Nineties (1) 1990: The ARPANET ceases to exist 1991: The number of Internet hosts exceeds 600,000 1991 also seen the introduction of wide area information servers (WAIS), GOPHER, and line mode browsers. 1992: Internet hosts exceeds 1 million

12. Nineties (2) 1993: The number of hosts exceeds 2 million NCSA release MOSAIC for ‘X’ 1994: Number of hosts exceeds 3 million MOSAIC communication corporation established (now Netscape) VRML 1.0 draft release by Gavin Bell

13. Nineties (3) 1995: Internet hosts breaks 4 million HTTP surpasses FTP as the most popular protocol SUN Microsystems introduce Java 1996: The number of Internet hosts breaks 9 million 1997: The number of Internet hosts breaks 16 million

14. Nineties (4) 1999: The Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF) formed

15. Today Demand for the Internet increasing putting additional strain on networks and ISP’s Development of digital services and faster Internet access for everyone via set top boxes. WAP development