1. Africa HAS 3190

2. Cape Verde

3. Language Creole and Portuguese

4. Migration U.S. whaling industry Famine at home Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut 400,000

5. Spiritual traditions Catholic Protestant

6. Family Center of lives Elders Women Neighbors

7. Diet Katxupa (manchupa)

8. Illness and Death God’s will Disabled protected Active in teaching Empowering patients

9. Implications Parents with children Visits from parents Intimidated Adults and children Internal sadness Expressive Wakes and funerals

10. Traditional Medicine Curanderas or curiosas Difluxan Konta d’odju

11. Other issues Blood –Sleeping (Sangi durmidu) –Dead (Sangi mortu) –Bruised (Sange pezode) Living Blood (Sangi vivu)

12. Ethiopia

13. Language 80 dialects Amharic

14. Migration Repressive regime (mid-1970s) Political turmoil in East Africa

15. Spiritual traditions Orthodox (Coptic) Muslim

16. Family Women/girls Large families High divorce Elders (“aunt” or “uncle”)

17. Diet No meat, eggs or milk (Wed or Fri) No poultry, beef or dairy before Easter Muslims and Ramadan

18. Attitudes Illness is a punishment Mental illness = evil spirits Spirits in individuals Healing appeases the spirits Evil Eye

19. Cultural courtesies Elders and hand shakes Right hand for “clean” work Muslim men and women don’t touch

20. Communication Patterns Doctors and bad news No middle name

21. Traditional medicine Newborn care Older men Fire burning –Stick heated and applied to skin Herbal remedies Prayer

22. Female Circumcision Genital mutilation Many believe –Defines sexual and social identity –Doesn’t allow for sexual pleasure –Promotes health

23. Other relevant issues Don’t understand withholding treatment News of pending death Spanking children

24. Somalia

25. Language Somali Arabic

26. Migration Escape wars (1991) Resettlement programs

27. Religion Sunni Muslim

28. Other issues = Ethiopia Family Diet (Muslim) Cultural courtesies Traditional medicine Issues relevant to hospitalization

29. Bush Medicine Herbal medicine African-Caribbean culture –Fever bush –Toothache bush 70% of world’s population uses herbal medicine

30. Sangoma

31. Practitioner of herbal medicine Belief in ancestral spirits – calling Trainee = Twaza Ritual sacrifice

32. Traditional Healers Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Venda, Tsongo/Shangaan ethnic groups Holistic and symbolic form Ancestors give instructions

33. Guidance in Three Forms Possession Throwing bones Dreams

34. Possession Trance –Drumming –Dancing –Chanting Provides specific information

35. Throwing bones Collection of bones Ancestors control how they lie

36. Dreams Metaphors

37. Muti Plant and animal origin Powerful symbolism –Lion fat = courage Can be drunk, smoked, inhaled, used for washing, smeared, enemas or rubbed into an incision

38. Sangomas Far outnumber western doctors Consulted first (80%) Charlatans

39. South Africa

40. Health Care Large public sector Small private sector Primary – hi-tech Nearly 200 private hospitals Mining industry has 60 of its own District-based health system

41. Video

42. Kwanzaa African American and Pan-African Dec 26 – Jan 1 First harvest – “matunda ya kwanza”

43. Kwanzaa Ingathering of people Reverence for creator Commemoration of past Recommitment to culture Celebration of Good

44. Seven values – Nguzo Saba Umoja (Unity) Kujichagulia (Self-determination) Ujima (Collective work and responsibility) Ujamaa (Cooperative economics) Nia (Purpose) Kuumba (Creativity) Imani (Faith)