2. WebSTer: A Web-based Surgical Training System School of Computer Studies University of Leeds Nuha El-Khalili, Ken Brodlie and David Kessel http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/vis/nuha/AAA/

3. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 *Another Minimally Invasive Surgical (MIS) application *But, on the World Wide Web (WWW) l Why the web ? l What is the problem? l What is the proposed solution? l Evaluation of the solution. l What have we learned? l Conclusion

4. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 Why the web? MIS needs new training methods. VR solutions are expensive, hardware dedicated and limited in collaboration. Web-based applications are accessible, portable and affordable.

5. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 What is the problem? Training radiologists on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA).

6. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 Training skills Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

7. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer is the solution *Background training –Procedure steps –Captured movies –Other information *Practical training environment –Model anatomy in 3D. –Simulate surgical tool behavior. –Special input/output devices.

8. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer - training simulator Internet TCP/IP Physically-based modelling Java application Server Socket interface Virtual interface Java applet Client Socket interface

9. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer- User Interface

10. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer features Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

11. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer features Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

12. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer features Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

13. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer features Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

14. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 WebSTer features Representational skill Procedural and automated skills Decision making Manoeuvring the surgical tools Force perception Eye/hand co-ordination

15. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 Evaluation of WebSTer –Background training web pages: focus on audience –Interactive CT display: good for non-radiologist –Decision making form: useful techniques, use for other decisions –Visual feedback: not achieving the goal –Tool simulation: not realistic or interactive enough Subjective questionnaire- results:

16. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 What have we learned? VRML suffers from limitations. Web technologies do not support non-standard I/O devices efficiently. In training, realism is more important than accuracy.

17. January 29, 2000.MMVR 2000 Conclusion Training on the WWW is advantageous. Current technology supports prototype training applications. Technology development is exponential. How much realism vs accuracy is needed?