1. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Justin Champion Room C208 - Tel: 3273 www.staffs.ac.uk/personel/engineering_and_technology/jjc1

2. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Contents  Why do we need it? Video-on-Demand  MMS  EDGE  Benefits over GPRS

3. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Increased Data Use  As discussed last week the introduction of increased data rates technology will take place over time.  Each of these introductions will then allow development towards 3G. Each of these technologies will be built upon to allow 3G  Last week we introduced GPRS  This week we are looking at EDGE  Both are referred to as 2.5G technology 2 G GSM 2.5 G EDGE GPRS 3G UMTS

4. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Edge  Will allow another step towards the use of 3G  This will allow the infrastructure to grow and improve Consider what would happen if a network went from 9.6 Kbps data access to 2Mbps in a short time  It would not be able to cope as the companies would not be available to update the entire network infrastructure that quickly The network infrastructure would not cope and upgrades will be required.  This is already a consideration with EDGE level access  20 devices receiving a football stream at 200 (reasonable quality) Kbps in a town centre  Base station needs 20 * 200 = 4 Mbps  Now consider how many other base stations are also requesting the same data?

5. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Edge  Is now being considered as a replacement for 3G  Vodafone are intending to allow EDGE services this year Vodafone are pushing Edge now as a 3G technology  It will be available later this year via a data card attached to your laptops  Intended for business data users only initially  Manchester, Liverpool and London are the cities it will operate within  (www.computerweekly.com/Article127287.htm, 2004)www.computerweekly.com/Article127287.htm

6. Enhanced Data GSM Environment The amount of value added services is predicted to increase  To allow a greater choice of these services a higher throughput will be required for the devices  Device will always have limited storage in comparison to what is available for them A solution to this is to provide those services on-demand and download them. After use these can be deleted with no impact on the actual device  Video on Demand is an example of this  Location based services i.e. show me a web cam of the inside of the “Peking Temple” restaurant now!

7. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Video-on-Demand (VOD)  Two choices for VOD Stream the entire film across the network in real-time  Sensitive to any delays in the network  A powerful enough server would be needed to supply the demand  Does not need a large amount of storage on the actual device Download parts of the film in the background to the device and play it when the film is in the storage of the device  Device will need sufficient storage  Some method would be needed to know what a person might be interested in  A pre-registration scheme for example with a football match A scheme somewhere between the two would be ideal  Part of the video would be downloaded to get the viewer watching whilst the rest would be downloaded in real-time

8. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)  With increased data rates and expectations we now have MMS as a replacement for SMS  MMS is designed to allow multimedia elements to be sent between compatible devices Currently this consists mostly of photos The standards allow for  Video  Pictures  Audio  Text  Expansion for future use

9. Enhanced Data GSM Environment MMS continued  Based on a Open standard Allows for expansion and developments (http://www.lebodic.net/mms_resources.htm, 2003)http://www.lebodic.net/mms_resources.htm  MMS is not part of the GSM standard and can be implemented on any network infrastructure High throughput networks are not necessarily required for MMS to operate  MMS messages will be trickled in the background to your device  You will only receive notification once all of the message has been processed  Unlike SMS, MMS will need to be transported in multiple packets of data  MMS supports as base set of requirements JPEG, GIF, PNG, SVG-Tiny (2D Vector Graphics) SP-MIDI (Synthetic sound) MPEG-4 ASCII Text

10. Enhanced Data GSM Environment MMS PDU  Specifications in details can be found at www.openmobilealliance.org/wapdocs/wap-209-mmsencapsulation-20020105-a.pdf

11. Enhanced Data GSM Environment MMS continued Charging for MMS  Issues around how to charge and who to charge At the moment the sender pays  Not a problem with the current relatively small amount of data sent Consideration needs to be given to who will pay for delivery  When larger video files are transferred Latest standard allows for the sender to pay for any reply to a message  This may be used by companies for advertising, equivalent of a free phone number

12. Enhanced Data GSM Environment EDGE  Developed by Erricson for the benefit of the loser in the 3G spectrum bidding  Operates at a theoretical 384 Kbps within the current GSM transmission bands This means that a company who has not paid for out 3G can still provide fast data services Companies that have bought 3G spectrum, will benefit from the infrastructure put in place for EDGE, as this will be used for UMTS  Current infrastructure The current Base stations will require a new transceiver and a software upgrade to allow EDGE transmission  This can take place as and when the normal BS are being serviced This allows for a wider coverage than will be available at least initially with the UMTS network. Obviously there are still the same issues as GPRS in respect that a channel that is used for EDGE takes one away from a voice call

13. Enhanced Data GSM Environment EDGE continued  The data transferred is transferred using 8 Phase shifting Key (8 PSK) This can change and will be discussed further in a further slide This allows the transfer of 3 bits in each modulation Three times GPRS and one of the reason why EDGE is 3x faster  EDGE is more sensitive to errors and as such needs to be close to the transmitter to allow maximum throughput of data

14. Enhanced Data GSM Environment EDGE continued  Works the same as GPRS as in a single GSM frame is divided between the transmission ChannelUse of the Channel 1Voice 2AAAABBABBAAAAFA 3Voice 4AAABAABAAAFAAAA 5AAAFAFAFFFAFFFFB 6BBBBABABAFFFFFFF 7Voice 8FFAFFAFFABABBBBB Data Users A = User 1 B = User 2 F = User 3 In this instance we have 3 voice calls and 3 users receiving data

15. Enhanced Data GSM Environment EDGE  As with GSM and GPRS will have separate downlink and uplink channels  A discussion is currently taking place regarding the use of 8-PSK  As the internet is a download intensive environment 8-psk may only be used in the downlink Uplink may well remain as the GSM GMSK  This will reduce the overhead of the 8-PSK

16. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Quality  EDGE uses packets which are physically closer together than the GPRS system This increases the likelihood of error taking place  Coding Scheme As with GPRS, EDGE has a number of coding schemes to allow for these errors  They range from  MSC1 to MCS4 (using GMSK modulation)  MSC5 to MSC9 (using the 8PSK modulation) As with other wireless technologies  The best transmission rate is used to start and then a lower one will be selected until successful communications can take place

17. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Quality  The code rate indicates how much of the packet is data (including headers) and how much is error checking code MCS3 indicates that 15% of the packet is error checking code ModulationData RateModulation TechniqueCode Rate MSC18.8 KbpsGMSK0.53 MSC211.2 KbpsGMSK0.66 MSC314.8 KbpsGMSK0.85 MSC417.6 KbpsGMSK1 MSC522.4 Kbps8PSK0.37 MSC629.6 Kbps8PSK0.49 MSC744.8 Kbps8PSK0.76 MSC854.4 Kbps8PSK0.92 MSC959.2 Kbps8PSK1

18. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Packet Handling improvements over GPRS  If a packet is sent which arrives corrupted GPRS will send the packet again using the same modulation technique EDGE will lower the modulation technique used and send the packet again.  The lowering of the modulation is a problem  The available data in a new packet is reduced  EDGE allows for resegmentation and the packet being sent again  This allows EDGE to send packets at a rate which would normally corrupted and then resend them again when a error takes place

19. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Error checking continued  Receipts for frames In GPRS a maximum addressing number is 128  The window for receipts is a maximum of 64  This means that after a sequence of packets are sent an acknowledgement for the last (at most) 64 packets is sent  If one of these packets were in error that packet must be resent based on the addressing number  This can be an issue with large amounts of data being sent in error as the addressing window will restart again at 0  Indicating that an incorrect packet maybe resent  In this event the entire frame sequence would need sending again to the device EDGE  Has increased the addressing number to 2048 and the window is now 1024  Thereby reducing the chance of lost packets

20. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Error checking continued  Forward Error Checking (FEC) As discussed previously it is better to send some redundant bits with each packet, which in the event of error can be used to mathematically recreate the original packet  Alternative is to send each packet again with an increased rate of FEC EDGE  Will send the packet again, but the new packet will be combined with the original packet to recreate the corrupted part of the packet  No increase in the amount of FEC bits are sent the same number are sent again, but using different bits. Correctly received packets  The FEC bits are a waste of available bandwidth!

21. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Working out the correct sending rate  This is a particular issue for data communications, rather than voice  To carry this out the radio environment needs measuring Measuring for Bit error rate, carrier strength, interference, etc.  Once measurements are made the correct coding scheme can be selected Measurements can be taken on every burst of data sent  These measurements are used to generate the Bit Error Probability (BEP)  Several of these taken can be used to give an accurate reading of the quality of the signal and to calculate the velocity of the device

22. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Rollout Stages  Phase 1 Introduce single and multi-slot packet switched services Introduce single and Multi-slot circuit switched services  Phase 2 Web Use Email Real-time services  VOIP  Video Conferencing

23. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Interleaving of data  The data is sent in bursts These bursts refer to the amount of information sent If one of the bursts arrives corrupted the entire burst sequence needs sending again  A radio block The sequence of the packets being sent is referred to as a radio block GRPS  The radio block are interleaved into 4 EDGE  The radio block are interleaved into 2  Increased throughput The potential for interference in the EDGE system has now been reduced by a half  Assuming all other factors remain the same

24. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Infrastructure  will not need adding to from the GPRS environment (www.ericsson.com/products/white_papers_pdf/edge_wp_technical.pdf, 2003)www.ericsson.com/products/white_papers_pdf/edge_wp_technical.pdf

25. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Infrastructure  Changes Base station System GRPS Protocol (BSSGP)  Different quality of services are required require minor changes to the GPRS standards  The other changes are obviously taking place in the layers 0 and 1 of the device and the base station  A EDGE Based device will be able to communicate with GPRS If a EDGE based service is not available at the time

26. Enhanced Data GSM Environment QOS classes  The classes which are supported by EDGE are the same as UMTS Conversational  Real-Time communications highest priority  Two way communications Streaming  Video – audio files, time dependent  One way communication Interactive  WWW usage, telnet etc  Reduced request response time Background  SMS, email, MMS  Best effort delivery  Each of the communications will be issued with one of these classes. This will depend ion the technology being used for EDGE

27. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Problem with the installation of EDGE  No Killer App YET ! There is no reason at this stage for user to want a EDGE based phone  Potential killer app maybe the downloading of music Apples i-pod (http://www.apple.com/ipod/, 2003)http://www.apple.com/ipod/ Allows the downloading of music onto the device, with 20Gb of storage  Consider if these songs were downloaded in the background of your phone and you pay for them.  You specify and pay for the album a few days in advance  Albums available to you the second they are released  Massive potential, with records that shops usually sell out of

28. Enhanced Data GSM Environment Summary  Why do we need it? Video-on-Demand  MMS  EDGE  Benefits over GPRS