1. "Standard Binaries for FPGAs" & "eBlocks" Frank Vahid Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside Associate Director, Center for Embedded Computer Systems, UC Irvine Work supported by the National Science Foundation, the Semiconductor Research Corporation, Xilinx, Intel, and Freescale Contributing Students: FPGAs: Roman Lysecky (PhD 2005, Asst. Prof. at U. Arizona), Greg Stitt (PhD 2007, Assistant Prof. at U. Florida), Ann Gordon-Ross (Ph.D. 2007, Asst. Prof. at U. Florida), David Sheldon (4th yr PhD), Scott Sirowy (3rd yr PhD) eBlocks: Susan Lysecky (PhD 2006, Asst. Prof. at U. Arizona), Ryan Mannion (3rd yr PhD), Shawn Nemetebakshi (MS 2005), plus numerous undergraduate students

2. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside2/31 Software is no longer just "instructions" The elephant of software has a (new) tail – FPGA circuits Microprocessor instructions FPGA circuits Software...

3. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside3/31 FPGAs: The Quietly Arriving New Software FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) – thousands of LUTs and switch matrices, plus flip-flops, multipliers, RAMs, etc. Tools automatically compile circuits into bits that program FPGA Multi-billion dollar growing industry Increasingly found in embedded system products – medical devices, basestations, set-top boxes, etc. ab a1a0a1a0 4x2 Memory abab 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 d 1 d 0 F G 00 01 10 11 LUT FG 2x2 switch matrix x y 0 1 0 1 10 a b FPGA SM LUT SM LUT 01 11 01 00 11... 10 11 00 01... Circuit FPGAs implement circuits as software – bits downloaded into memory

4. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside4/31 for (i=0; i < 128; i++) y[i] += c[i] * x[i].. Why Circuits (Sometimes) Beat Instructions for (i=0; i < 128; i++) y[i] += c[i] * x[i].. ************ ++++++ + ++ ++ + C Code for FIR Filter Processor 1000’s of instructions Several thousand cycles Circuit for FIR Filter Processor FPGA ~ 7 cycles Speedup > 100x In general, FPGA better due to circuit's concurrency, from bit-level to task level

5. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside5/31 Extensive Studies over Past Decade Large speedups on many important applications Numerous dedicated conferences (FPGA, FCCM, FPL,...)

6. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside6/31 New FPGA Compilers Start from Common Programming Languages Commercial products appearing in recent years Good news Binary C, C++, Java Profiling FPGA Compiler Binary Micro- processor FPGA Binary HDL Binary Bitstream Synthesis

7. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside7/31 Problem: Best Temporal/Spatial Algorithms Differ quicksort ( array, left, right){ if right > left: pivot= array[left] newpivot = partition(array, left, right, pivot) quicksort(array, left, newpivot -1) quicksort(array, newpivot + 1, right) } Processor Bitonic Sorting Network PlatformAlgorithm FPGA

8. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside8/31 Bigger Problem: Algorithms Matter Even More For portability, need algorithms that are efficient on both "Compromise programming" Processor FPGA Quicksort Bitonic Sort

9. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside9/31 New FPGA Compilers Start from Common Programming Langauges BUT – Standard tools/binaries important for "ecosystem" Countless ideas failed for not respecting the ecosystem Binary C, C++, Java Profiling FPGA Compiler Binary Micro- processor FPGA Binary Bitstream Languages ArchitecturesTools Standard binary

10. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside10/31 One Solution: Hide the FPGA Today's microprocessors use dynamic translation (e.g., x86) Different architectures hidden For FPGAs: Transparently translate standard microprocessor binaries to FPGAs Warp Processing Developed at UCR 2002- present Binary SW Profiling Standard Compiler Binary RISC architecture Translator VLIW architecture Translator FPGAProc. Translator

11. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside11/31 µP FPGA On-chip CAD Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler Initially, software binary loaded into instruction memory 1 I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary

12. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside12/31 µP FPGA On-chip CAD Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary Microprocessor executes instructions in software binary 2 µP

13. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside13/31 µP FPGA On-chip CAD Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary Profiler monitors instructions and detects critical regions in binary 3 Profiler add beq Critical Loop Detected

14. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside14/31 µP FPGA On-chip CAD Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary On-chip CAD reads in critical region 4 Profiler On-chip CAD

15. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside15/31 µP FPGA Dynamic Part. Module (DPM) Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary On-chip CAD converts critical region into control data flow graph (CDFG) 5 Profiler On-chip CAD loop: reg4 := reg4 + mem[ reg2 + (reg3 << 1)] reg3 := reg3 + 1 if (reg3 < 10) goto loop ret reg4 reg3 := 0 reg4 := 0

16. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside16/31 µP FPGA Dynamic Part. Module (DPM) Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary On-chip CAD synthesizes decompiled CDFG to a custom (parallel) circuit 6 Profiler On-chip CAD loop: reg4 := reg4 + mem[ reg2 + (reg3 << 1)] reg3 := reg3 + 1 if (reg3 < 10) goto loop ret reg4 reg3 := 0 reg4 := 0 ++++++ +++ + + +...

17. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside17/31 µP FPGA Dynamic Part. Module (DPM) Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary On-chip CAD maps circuit onto FPGA 7 Profiler On-chip CAD loop: reg4 := reg4 + mem[ reg2 + (reg3 << 1)] reg3 := reg3 + 1 if (reg3 < 10) goto loop ret reg4 reg3 := 0 reg4 := 0 ++++++ +++ + + +... CLB SM ++ FPGA

18. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside18/31 µP FPGA Dynamic Part. Module (DPM) Warp Processing Background: Basic Idea Profiler µP I Mem D$ Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: Shl reg1, reg3, 1 Add reg5, reg2, reg1 Ld reg6, 0(reg5) Add reg4, reg4, reg6 Add reg3, reg3, 1 Beq reg3, 10, -5 Ret reg4 Software Binary8 Profiler On-chip CAD loop: reg4 := reg4 + mem[ reg2 + (reg3 << 1)] reg3 := reg3 + 1 if (reg3 < 10) goto loop ret reg4 reg3 := 0 reg4 := 0 ++++++ +++ + + +... CLB SM ++ FPGA On-chip CAD replaces instructions in binary to use hardware, causing performance and energy to “warp” by an order of magnitude or more Mov reg3, 0 Mov reg4, 0 loop: // instructions that interact with FPGA Ret reg4 FPGA Software-only “Warped” Feasible for repeating or long- running applications

19. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside19/31 Recent Warp Results on Multi-Threaded Benchmarks After translation (may take minutes), huge speedups Even compared to 64-microprocessor system [ Stitt/Vahid CODES/ISSS 2007] Translation results remembered for later execution

20. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside20/31 FPGAs as Software: Challenges and Opportunity Challenge – Broader definitions of... Compilation, OS, verification, certification, etc. Opportunity – Can create custom multi-processor architectures just by downloading bits After all, a processor is just another circuit Xilinx Virtex II Pro can hold dozens of "soft core" 32-bit processors, in addition to the four "hard core" PowerPCs

21. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside21/31 FPGAs and Cyber-Physical Systems Tough to predict future of computing "Victorian planners in 1830 predicted that by 1930 London street traffic would be bogged down under 25 feet of horse manure." Are FPGAs to microprocessors what cars were to horses? Probably not, but perhaps they are what tails are to horses? We might do well to keep FPGAs in mind as we consider software issues

22. eBlocks: The Wood-and-Nails of the Electronic Sensor World Frank Vahid* Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside vahid@cs.ucr.edu http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~vahid * Also with the Center for Embedded Computer Systems at UC Irvine This work is being supported by the National Science Foundation Title suggested by a colleague: "eBlocks – Empowering the People"

23. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside23/31 Seen this Problem? Technology everywhere – Why no good solution? Not!Available

24. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside24/31 Shrinking Processor Size/Cost Enables New Solution Make sensors smarter By adding processor+battery Becomes a "block" easily connected to other blocks http://www.templehealth.org Courtesy of Joe Kahn

25. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside25/31 Shrinking Processor Size/Cost Enables New Solution – eBlocks Existing component viewNew "eBlock" view Button yes/no Light Sensor yes/no Magnetic Contact Switch yes/no LED yes/no Beeper Electric Relay yes/no

26. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside26/31 eBlocks Just connect blocks, and they work No programming knowledge, no electronics knowledge Button yes/no LED yes/no Beeper yes/no Light Sensor yes/no

27. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside27/31 What's Hard (The Research Part) (1) Finding right set of building blocks Toggle Splitter Tripper 2-Input Logic 3-Input Logic Splitter 4-Input Logic Splitter Prolong (short) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Prolong (long) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Too many – Overwhelming (too much choice) 2 Yes detector 2 No detector Too few – Overwhelming (too much configuration) SuperBlock 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AND OR yes no When A isB is then the output is yes 1 2 3 4 5: Splitter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6:...

28. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside28/31 What's Hard (The Research Part) (2) Making the blocks understandable People NOT likely to read directions Those that do are unlikely to understand ABOutput noyesno yesnoyes noyes no yes Logic Block configurable DIP switch A B Combine A is yes, B is yes A is yes, B is no A is no, B is yes A is no, B is no The output shouldbe yes when: yes no: Phrased truth table yes no the output should be AB When the input is out Combine A is yes, B is yes A is yes, B is no A is no, B is yes A is no, B is no Phrased truth table embedded in sentence yes no The output should be When the input is out AB AB AB AB AB Combine Colored truth table embedded in sentence Combine AND OR yes no When A is yes no B is then the output is yes Logic Sentence Example: Combine block Performed extensive user testing (over 500 students, kids, and adults) over two years Most success

29. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside29/31 What's Hard (The Research Part) (3) Batteries must last years, yet performance should appear continuous Blocks are off 99.9% of the time Mean time between corrupted packets (days) 1 0 F reliability 1 365 730 Block latency (seconds) 1 0 F latency 0 0.05 0.14 Disconnect response (seconds) 1 0 F responsiveness 1800 60 0.25 0.50 1 2 3 4 5 10 30 300 600 Connect response (seconds) 1 0 F responsiveness 0.10600.25 0.501 23 4510 30 300600 Latency Disconnect Responsiveness Reliability Connect Responsiveness time ft f (a) (b) (d) (c) error << ftfff << interpreted as Developed theory to map eBlock events to continuous time Developed custom CAD tool to automatically find the best block parameter settings out of the billions of possibilities

30. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside30/31 Built >100 Prototypes Size of deck of cards (eventually smaller) 2-3 years on 2 AA batteries (eventually longer) Can communicate via wire >1.5 miles, 150 ft wireless Hundreds of trial users Integer blocks too

31. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside31/31 eBlock technology nearly mature Possible early-adoption applications Hearing impaired home monitoring Aging parent non-intrusive monitoring Middle-school early engineering experience kits Trends work in favor each year Smaller, cheaper (<$5), longer battery life (or no battery?) Eventual applications General blocks for home, stores, office Blocks as front-end devices to "smart home" New blocks and tools for intermediate/advanced users Collaborators Ph.D students: Susan Lysecky, Ryan Mannion, David Sheldon; Profs. Harry Hsieh, Walid Najjar, Crista Lopes (UC Irvine); UG students: Andrea Coba, Margaret Ukwu, Caleb Leak, and several others eBlocks

32. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside32/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging User is able to configure various blocks by clicking on switches Connections created by drawing lines between blocks User can create, experiment, test and configure design Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Light Sensor Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Green/Red Light Beeper Output Beeper Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Light Sensor Button

33. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside33/31 Use virtual blocks in graphical simulator to describe desired sensor system behavior Intuitive due to spatial emphasis, not temporal emphasis Automatically compile to code on programmable eBlocks eBlocks as a Programming Paradigm Programmable eBlocks Partitions

34. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside34/31 eBlock Tool Generates Code Tool generates C code automatically #include #include “sci.h” #include “io.h” #include “constants.h” Unsigned char data_val = ERROR;... main(void) { unsigned I, j; TRISB = 0;... } main(void) { ORTA = 0xff; CMCON = 0x07; TRISA = 0x00; TRISB = 0x02; asm("CLRWDT");... } C Code Download code to block with click of a button Ordinary users can “write” programs in minutes Spatial vs. temporally-oriented language 20 high school graduates: eBlocks (spatial) vs. LEGO Mindstorms (temporal), 6 example systems, 40 minutes to build Programmable eBlock Type Average Success Rate Mindstor ms 0% eBlocks54%

35. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside35/31 eBlocks and Embedded Microprocessors Can greatly simplify coding Button yes/no Light Sensor yes/no 1/0 Micro- processor

36. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside36/31 Introduction 1998: Simple Problem Garage door open at night No simple solution Off-the-shelf solutions costly, hard to find, and/or not customizable Alarm system cost – overkill Connecting existing sensors, logic, transmit/receive, LEDs is hard Electronics, programming 2-week project: 70% EE/CS unable Countless similar applications go unrealized Why can't I just connect those components like "Lego TM " blocks? LED receive contact switch light sensor AND transmit

37. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside37/31 eBlocks Example "Garage Open at Night" detector <10 minutes to build Need to indicate garage open at night – use LED block LED Detect night-time – use Light Sensor block Light Sensor Detect garage door open – use Contact Switch block Magnetic Contact Switch Plug pieces together and the system is done! Use Combine block to combine light sensor and contact switch into one Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes

38. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside38/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Green/Red Light Beeper Output Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes

39. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside39/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button

40. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside40/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button Light Sensor

41. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside41/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button Light Sensor Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes

42. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside42/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button Light Sensor Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Green/Red Light Beeper Output Beeper

43. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside43/31 Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging User is able to configure various blocks by clicking on switches Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button Light Sensor Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Green/Red Light Beeper Output Beeper

44. Frank Vahid, UC Riverside44/31 Graphical Simulator Welcome to the eBlocks Simulator! In this area, you’ll find helpful hints on creating your own designs. Click and drag an eBlock off of the “Available eBlocks” panel to add it to your design. To connect two blocks, click and drag from an output port (colored circle) to an input port (gray circle). A connection can be destroyed by clicking on a connected port. To move a block around the workspace, click and drag its orange area. Blocks can be moved into the trash can to delete them. Green circles indicate that the port is sending a yes, red circles indicate that the port is sending a no, yellow Circles indicate that the port is sending an error signal, and gray circles denote an input port.  User specifies and tests block design  Java-based simulator User chooses between pallets Blocks added by dragging User is able to configure various blocks by clicking on switches Connections created by drawing lines between blocks Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Button Light Sensor Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Green/Red Light Beeper Output Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Available eBlocks Advanced ModeHide this panel Compute/Communications Prolonger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 seconds Once Yes, Stays Yes rst in Toggle Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes Motion Sensor Yes/No Button Light Sensor Sensors Green/Red Light Beeper Output Beeper Combine AND OR yes no When A isyes no B is then the output is yes