1. Mind and Maze Ann Sloan Devlin, 2001 Preetha Lakshmi Chris Mueller http://www.cs.umn.edu/~cmueller/cs8715/ CSCI 8715 Professor Shashi Shekhar

2. What is Mind and Maze A summary of research in fields related to spatial cognition:  Cognitive development  Gender studies  Neuropsychology  Map-making  Urban Planning A loose framework for classifying research in these disparate fields

3. Themes in Spatial Cognition chunking: people separate spatial information into aggregate chunks to help with processing landmarks: landmarks and relationships among them form the basis for how we think about space scale: scale

4. Development of Spatial Cognition Spatial understanding develops over time; children are usually thought to be more egocentric in their understanding Recent research shows that young children perform spatial tasks better with objects or people they recognize. e.g. “Mother as Landmark” experiment Proposed model for spatial understanding: landmarks are learned first routes are relationships between landmarks routes are built into networks

5. Movement and self-motion Movement through an environment is critical for spatial understanding, especially compared to film or slides of a space Self-motion promotes better spatial understanding than other forms of movement Virtual 3d tours of spaces have proven effective for developing a spatial understanding

6. Neurophysiology of Spatial Cognition (O'Keefe 1978)‏ (McNaughton, et al 2006)‏ neuron firings indicate grid patterns Neuron structure supports cognition of relative directional motion based on strength of synaptic activity in “head direction cells” Hippocampus neuronal structures also exist that track relative translational distance measurements; stored in repeating orthogonal grids of “place cells” (torus topology) Grids of place cells are uniquely patterned to match unique environments; upon entering a new environment, a new grid is created, but existing patterns are used for previously visited environments.

7. Natural Language and Spatial Cognition Natural language plays an important role in communicating spatial information Hemispherical brain division:  left brain processes complex spatial information and visual interpretation  right brain processes simple spatial tasks e.g. line orientation Language is processed in left brain, where it might be closely related to complex spatial cognitive tasks

8. Maps Euclidean information is difficult for many to understand Legibility is crucial Simplification, classification, symbolization Should not contain too much clutter Important landmarks should be made clearly visible Uniformity among colors and styles

9. Urban Planning: the Grid A B A B

10. Urban Planning: Vocabulary paths: roads and sidewalks edges: a fence or river bank districts: neighborhoods nodes: major intersections or transit terminals landmarks: may be cultural or historic

11. Rewriting Mind and Maze Deliberately provide a