1. ICA-based Blind and Group-Blind Multiuser Detection

2. Independent Component Analysis(ICA) What is Independence? Independence is much stronger than Uncorrelated. Uncorrelated Independence What is ICA ? Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is an analysis technique where the goal is to represent a set of random variables as a linear transformation of statistically independent component variables. Definition

3. Independent Component Analysis(ICA) Unknown Random Vector: Unknown Mixing Matrix: are assumed independent ICA Model (Noise-free) ICA Goal: Find a Matrix which recovers ICA Model (Noise) Noise

4. ICA: Principles and Measures Independence Nongaussian: Want to be one independent component Central Limit Theorem: Measures of Nongaussian: 1. Kurtosis: 2. Negentropy and Approximation: Minimize Gaussianity of Differential entropy:

5. ICA: Principles and Measures Measures of Nongaussian: (continued) 3. Mutual information 4. Kullback-Leibler divergence: Kullback-Leibler divergence can be considered as a kind of a distance between the two probability densities, though it is not a real distance measure because it is not symmetric Factorized density Real density

6. Principle Component Analysis 1. Goal is to identify a few variables that explain all (or nearly all) of the total variance. 2. Intended to narrow number of variables down to only those that are of importance. 3. “Faithful” in the Mean-Square sense. Faithful Interesting!

7. Synchronous CDMA Received signal where – b k  {-1,+1} is the k’th user’s transmitted bit. – h k is the k’th user’s channel coefficient – s k (t) is the k’th user’s waveform (code or PN sequence) – n(t) is additive, white Gaussian noise.

8. Blind Multi-user Detection Multiple Access Interference (MAI) – Due to non-orthogonal of codes – Caused by channel dispersion What does “Blind” Mean? – Only the Interested user’s Spreading code is Known to the receiver – Channel is Unknown

9. Group-Blind MUD Multiple-Access Interference (MAI) – Intra-cell interference: users in same cell as desired user – Inter-cell interference: users from other cells – Inter-cell interference 1/3 of total interference

10. Blind Multi-User Detection Non-Blind multi-user detection – Codes of all users known – Cancels only intracell interference Blind multi-user detection – Only code of desired user known – Cancels both intra- and inter-cell interference

11. Group-blind MUD users with known codes users with unknown codes Signal is sampled at chip rate (from matched filter) Cancels both intra- and inter-cell interference

12. Synchronous Signal Model Discrete Model Uniform Received Model chip1chip2 chip3 … Chip Matched Filter: Synchronous! Total Number of Users: Spreading Gain of is N

13. Sub-space Concept Auto-correlation Matrix of Received Data Auto-correlation Matrix (EVD)

14. FastICA & Challenges in CDMA Ambiguities: Variance: U ndetermined variances (energies) of the independent components; Order: Undetermined order of the independent components. Fixed-point algorithm for ICA (FastICA) Based on the Kurtosis minimization and maximization Two advantages: 1. Neural network learning rule into a simple fixed-point iteration; 2. Fast convergence speed: Cubic See Handout for Detail

15. ICA in CDMA:Hints Hints: ICA Model: Data whitening Ignore noise Blind MMSE Solution

16. Two Questions Question No.1 Question No.2 FastICA: Many Local local minima or maxima; MMSE ICA: Near MMSE local minima or maxima Finding a tradeoff between two objective functions. Can we find a better local minima or maxima which gives better performance by starting from other initial points? : are Independent. : Not only Independent; but also +1or-1with with equal probability!

17. ICA-based Blind Detectors Question No.1 Lemma: For a BPSK Synchronous DS-CDMA system,the maximization of Approximated Negentroy using high-order moments is same as the minimization of the Kurtosis. See Handout for ProofMore Interesting Result?

18. ICA-based Blind Detectors Question No.2 MMSEICA Detector: Zero-Forcing ICA Detector:

19. Performance of Blind Detector

21. Summary for Blind Detectors 1. ICA-based blind detectors have better performance than the subspace detectors in high SNRs. 2. ZFICA Detector has better performance than MMSEICA Detector. Reduced complexity and robust to estimated length. 3. ICA-based blind detectors are free to BER floor. 4. When system is high loaded the performance of ZFICA is close the non-blind MMSE detector. Advantages Disadvantages 1. ZFICA Detector needs know K 2. ICA-based blind detectors: less flexibility to estimated length.

22. Group-blind MUD Detector What is the Magic? Make use of the signature waveforms of all known users suppress the intra-cell interference,while blindly suppressing the inter-cell interference. Group-blind Zero-Forcing Detector ICA-based group-blind detector 1. Non-blind MMSE (Partial MMSE) to eliminate the interference from the intra-cell users 2. Zero-Forcing ICA Detector based on output of Partial MMSE

23. Performance of Group-blind Detectors

25. Summary for Group-blind Detectors 1. Group-blind ZFICA detector has better performance than group-blind zero-forcing subspace detector. 2. Group-blind ZFICA detector Worse performance than the totally blind ZFICA method. Partial MMSE Destroyed the Independence of desired random variables. Independent > Interference!!

26. References [1] J.Joutsensal and T.Ristaniemi,”Blind Multi-User Detection by Fast Fixed Point Algorithm without Prior Knowledge of Symbol-Level Timing”, Proc. IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Higher Order Statistics Ceasarea,Israel, June 1999,pp.305-308. [2] T.Ristaniemi and J.Joutsensal, ”Advanced ICA-Based Receivers for DS-CDMA Systems”, Proc. 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications, London, September 18-21, 2000, pp.276-281. [3] T.Ristaniemi,”Synchronization and blind signal processing in CDMA systems”,Doctoral Thesis,University of Jyv¨askyl¨a, Jyv¨askyl¨a Studies in Computing, August 2000. [4] X.Wang and A.Høst-Madsen, ”Group-blind multiuser detection for uplink CDMA”, IEEE Journal on Selec. Areas in Commun, vol. 17, No. 11, Nov. 1999. [5] X. Wang and H.V. Poor, ”Blind Equalization and Multiuser Detection in Dis-persive CDMA Channels”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 91-103, January 1998. [6] P. Comon, ”Independent Component Analysis, A new Concept?”, Signal processing, Vol.36, no.3, Special issue on High-Order Statistics, Apr. 1994. Reference

27. References [7] A.Hyv¨arinen and E.Oja, ”A Fast Fixed-Point Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis”, Neural Computation, 9:1483-1492, 1997. [8] A.Hyv¨arinen, ”Fast and Robust Fixed-Point Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis”, IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 1999. [9] A.Hyv¨arinen, ”Survey on Independent Component Analysis”, Neural Com-puting Systems, 2:94-128, 1999. [10] S. Verdu, ”Multiuser Detection. Cambridge”, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.