1. Nestorian controversy (fifth c.) 1.Nestorius: career and teaching. 2.Cyril: career and theology. 3.Council of Ephesus, 431. Stt. Athanasius, Cyril & Ignatius

2. Nestorius of Constantinople (d. 451) Student of Theodore of Mopsuestia, prominent Antiochene theologian Elected bishop of Constantinople in 428 Denied that Mary was Theotokos, ‘Godbearer’ –Popular unrest in Constantinople –Clash with Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II

3. Pulcheria Augusta (d. 453) As Goddess Victory bearing the labarum Crowned by God Conqueror of Persians

4. Empress Eudoxia crowned by God Crowned by God As Goddess Victory bearing the labarum

5. Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444) His first years in Alexandria –Mob violence against prefect Orestes & philosopher Hypatia Defended the Theotokos title against Nestorius Theology of the divine kenosis (self-emptying) in Philippians 2:5-11 and in the creed

6. Philippians 2: 5-11 Let the same mind be in you that was in Christ Jesus, who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death -- even death on a cross. Therefore God also highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

7. Second article of the Creed And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; by whom all things were made; Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; he suffered and was buried… WHO? DIVINE SUBJECT DID WHAT? HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS

8. Nestorius’ solution Made a sharp distinction between two subjects in Christ, divine and human

9. Acts of the Council of Ephesus in 431. In Coptic. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria