1. Morphology part 2 Andrew Hippisley Department of Computing, University of Surrey

2. Plan agreement, a case study in morphology challenging morphology suppletion syncretism deponency Please refer to handout!

3. What is agreement? inherent inflection: not required by the syntactic context contextual inflection: dictated by syntax (Booij 1996)

4. What is agreement? (See Corbett forthcoming for figure)

5. What is agreement? Discussion points elements involved nature of relationship: asymmetric features involved domain NP clause expression of agreement

6. What is agreement? Is agreement a matter of… syntax? semantics? morphology?

7. What is agreement? agreement versus government both characterised by an asymmetric relationship only agreement is a relationship of covariance features different agreement: gender, number, person government: case

8. Possible agreement Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett forthcoming) redundancy controller marks same number of features as target (canonical) target marks more agreement features than controller (non-canonical)

9. Possible agreement Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett) feature matching controller and target features have matching values; syntactic agreement (canonical) controller’s features differ in value from target; semantic agreement (non- canonical)

10. Possible agreement Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett) Consistency in agreement pattern controller is consistent (canonical) controller is a hybrid (non-canonical)

11. Possible agreement Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett) how many controllers target agrees with single controller (canonical) target agrees with multiple controllers (non-canonical) imbwa na-v-ana v-a-dz-o dogs(9/10) and- Pl -young(1/2) 2- ASSOCIATIVE -10- ASSOCIATIVE

12. Possible agreement Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett) opacity of expressions controller and target agreements expressions are alliterative (canonical) controller and target agreements expressions are opaque (non-canonical)

13. Concluding agreement Agreement hard to generalise BUT covariance of features between target and controller asymmetry: target agrees with noun for a feature set noun never accommodates target’s features

14. Suppletion

15. Suppletion: a definition “a relation between signs X and Y such that the semantic difference...between X and Y is maximally regular...while the phonological difference is maximally irregular.” Mel’čuk (1994) Russian ‘child’ reb´onok (sg) / det´-i (pl) Russian ‘girl’ devušk(a) (sg) / devušk-i (pl)

16. Suppletion: a definition

17. Property A: frequency Suppleting items anomalously highly frequent absolute frequency relative frequency

18. PROPERY B: Inherent Inflection inherent inflection: not required by the syntactic context contextual inflection: dictated by syntax (Booij 1996) c.f. Bybee’s (1985) relevance of categories

19. PROPERTY C: Morphologically Systematic Latin stems

20. PROPERTY C: Morphologically Systematic Suppletion in Latin

21. PROPERTY C: Morphologically Systematic Slovene as an exception

22. Syncretism 'A single inflected form may correspond to more than one morphosyntactic description' (Spencer 1991: 45)

23. Example: Syncretism in Russian Russian has syncretism of dative singular and locative singular, because one form has more than one function... and because for other items there is a formal distinction.

24. A Slovene Referral

26. Deponency Greek verbs

27. Regular verb Meaningform presentfutureaorist Activeactive Passivepassive Middlemiddle

28. Deponency Type A Meaningform presentfutureaorist Activepassive Passive Middle

29. Deponency Type B Meaningform presentfutureaorist Activemiddle Passivepassive Middle

30. Deponency Type C Meaningform presentfutureaorist Passiveactive Active Middlemiddle

31. Deponency Type D Meaningform presentfutureaorist Passivemiddle Activeactive Middle

32. Deponency Type E1 Meaningform presentfutureaorist Passivepassivemiddleactive Active(forms from another paradigm) Middle