1. SAWKRA-LAKBI ROAD: OMAN Constantinos Tsoucalas, Jad Karam, Lyle Paladin-Tripp

2. WHERE IS OMAN?

3. BACKGROUND Oil was discovered in the 70’s in Oman Oil was discovered in the 70’s in Oman The economic development underwent a period of rapid expansion The economic development underwent a period of rapid expansion Oil export considerably raised the standard of living in Oman Oil export considerably raised the standard of living in Oman YEAR1970198019912003 Income per Capita ($) 3603,1407,0008,000

4. MODERNIZATION PROGRAM Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed implemented a modernization program Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed implemented a modernization program Priority was given to the country’s almost non-existent physical infrastructure Priority was given to the country’s almost non-existent physical infrastructure In the form of: roads, a new deepwater port, an international airport, electricity-generating plants, desalination plants, schools, hospitals, and low-cost housing In the form of: roads, a new deepwater port, an international airport, electricity-generating plants, desalination plants, schools, hospitals, and low-cost housing Oil receipts almost exclusively made this possible Oil receipts almost exclusively made this possible

5. THE PROJECT Our project involves the construction of a road that connects the two towns of Al Lakbi and Sawqra Our project involves the construction of a road that connects the two towns of Al Lakbi and Sawqra Sawqra is a small town of 2000 people Sawqra is a small town of 2000 people It is surrounded by high mountain ranges on three of its sides, and by the sea on its fourth side It is surrounded by high mountain ranges on three of its sides, and by the sea on its fourth side It lacks the services and institutions that its neighboring town, Al Lakbi, possesses It lacks the services and institutions that its neighboring town, Al Lakbi, possesses

6. PROBLEM STATEMENT MOUNTAINS SAWQRA AL LAKBI SEA

7. ALTERNATIVES BENEFITSDISBENEFITS Displacement of citizens of Sawqra Eliminates need to build new services Tribal/Familial issues Building services in Sawqra Eliminates need to walk over mountain Very Costly & need road anyway Road around the mountain Access to Sawqra No contact with sea 16 km long Road through mountain Shortest path/No contact with sea Huge amounts of excavation Coastal road Short path/least costly Contact with sea

8. EVALUATING THE PROJECT: TWO PERSPECTIVES  Contractor/Businessperson  Omani People

9. CONTRACTOR’S PERSPECTIVE Contractor receives advance payment of 10% of contract value Contractor receives advance payment of 10% of contract value Bill of Quantities: Contractor’s estimate of costs Bill of Quantities: Contractor’s estimate of costs Contractor’s Income: Monthly payment from the Sultanate Contractor’s Income: Monthly payment from the Sultanate

10. CONTRACT DETAILS Successful bid: 2.5 million Omani Rials (OR) Successful bid: 2.5 million Omani Rials (OR) Project completion time: 1 year Project completion time: 1 year Penalty for delay: 2,000 OR per day (1% of contract value) Penalty for delay: 2,000 OR per day (1% of contract value) Guarantee: 5 % of contract Value Guarantee: 5 % of contract Value

11. CASH FLOW: CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

12. BENEFITS TO OMANI PEOPLE Sawqra Sawqra Hospital Access Hospital Access School Access School Access Commerce Commerce Al-Lakbi Al-Lakbi Investment Opportunities Investment Opportunities Sultanate Sultanate Improved National Communication/Interaction Improved National Communication/Interaction

13. OMANI’S PERSPECTIVE The Ministry of Transportation pays the contractor monthly The Ministry of Transportation pays the contractor monthly Benefits will be seen upon completion of the road until 50 years hence Benefits will be seen upon completion of the road until 50 years hence All benefits are a result of providing the villages with better access to each other All benefits are a result of providing the villages with better access to each other

14. CASH FLOW: OMANI PEOPLE

15. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES Prof. Pena-Mora defines two types of uncertainty, external and internal Prof. Pena-Mora defines two types of uncertainty, external and internal External uncertainty includes: social impacts, regulations, weather, and unpredictability External uncertainty includes: social impacts, regulations, weather, and unpredictability Internal uncertainty includes: unforeseen site conditions and incomplete scope Internal uncertainty includes: unforeseen site conditions and incomplete scope

16. EXTERNAL UNCERTAINTIES Social Impact Social Impact Local population claimed that the route encroached on their private property Regulations Regulations After the contractor agreed to build the road, the government stipulated that 30% of the workers must be Omani

17. EXTERNAL UNCERTAINTIES Weather Weather Severe storms during the summer due to the Monsoon season extended in time beyond expectations Unpredictability Unpredictability Tombs were discovered on the road site during construction during construction Fuel costs soared by 40% during the construction period

18. INTERNAL UNCERTAINTIES Unforeseen Site Conditions Unforeseen Site Conditions Rock Armor had lower density than expected Incomplete Scope Incomplete Scope The local desalinization plants could not handle the demand from the contractor, which caused long delays The local desalinization plants could not handle the demand from the contractor, which caused long delays

19. BENEFITS EVALUATION Factors considered: health, education, and commerce Factors considered: health, education, and commerce Monetary values were assigned to each of these categories using data from official Omani records Monetary values were assigned to each of these categories using data from official Omani records Missing data was obtained from neighboring countries’ records, which include Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Bahrain Missing data was obtained from neighboring countries’ records, which include Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Bahrain

20. HEALTH BENEFITS ANALYSIS New road provides quicker access to Lakbi hospital New road provides quicker access to Lakbi hospital This increases preventable deaths and helps reduce severity of injuries This increases preventable deaths and helps reduce severity of injuries

21. EDUCATIONAL/COMMERCE BENEFITS EDUCATION  Road provides access to Lakbi schools  This may increase the number of high-school graduates and net average income COMMERCE  Road provides trade-route between Sawkra and neighboring towns  The majority of Sawkra citizens are fishermen and the road allows for the extension of their market

22. COMMERCE: TOURISM Allows tourist access to Sawkra’s beaches and Sawkra’s traditional ways of living Allows tourist access to Sawkra’s beaches and Sawkra’s traditional ways of living Potential for population growth as the price of land may rise with the establishment of holiday resorts and an increase in economic activity Potential for population growth as the price of land may rise with the establishment of holiday resorts and an increase in economic activity

23. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:BENEFITS SCENARIO AVG. CHANGE IN NET PRESENT VALUE (O.R.) AVG. CHANGE IN NET PRESENT VALUE (O.R.) Commerce500,000 Health1,200,000 Education200,000 As evident in the sensitivity analysis, health is the predominant factor

24. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: COSTS There are many uncertainties in the cost side of the analysis There are many uncertainties in the cost side of the analysis These uncertainties are discussed in great detail in our report but we will highlight the main ones which are: Preliminary delays, lack of geologic knowledge, and increase in fuel price These uncertainties are discussed in great detail in our report but we will highlight the main ones which are: Preliminary delays, lack of geologic knowledge, and increase in fuel price

25. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: COSTS SCENARIO AVG. CHANGE IN NET PRESENT VALUE (O.R) DELAYS70,000 INCREASE IN FUEL COST 20,000 GEOLOGY COST 30,000 As evident from sensitivity analysis, delays in time are the predominant factor affecting costs

26. ENGINEERING DEDICATED TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES