2. Romano- Celtic 0 5001000 1500 2000 English Norse French Latin

5. Baugh 54 England in 800

6. Nordic (Scandinavian, Viking) invasions 3 waves: – 787 - 850 early raids, plundering wealthy outlying monasteries, sacking towns –850-878 extensive Danish military actions. 870 overan most of the east and south 878 Alfred retakes London; Danelaw established.

8. Nordic (Scandinavian, Viking) invasions 3 waves: – 787 - 850 early raids, plundering wealthy outlying monasteries, sacking towns –850-878 extensive Danish military actions. 870 overan most of the east and south 878 Alfred retakes London; Danelaw established. –991-1066 renewed Norse pressure 987-1016 Aethelred the Unready, Danegeld 1016-1042 Canute and his sons 1042-1066 Edward the Confessor and the French connection 1066 Harold, Harald, William.

9. Baugh and Cable chapter 4, Foreign Influences on OE, sections 67-80 (pp 92- 205) Norse influence on OE

10. meolc - miolk hand - hönd fót - fót Close correspondences Which form survived? Norse influence on OE: Vocabulary

11. Norse influence on OE: eyegg swonswain sweostorsister yeatgate wokeweak warpcast nimtake Norse form survived, English form remains as a dialect word Vocabulary

12. Norse influence on OE: benchbeck truetrigg bridgebrigg edgeegg yardgarth thinkattle churlcarl English form survived, Norse form remains as a dialect word Vocabulary

13. Norse influence on OE: skirt shirt barkrind thaneearl dykeditch skyheaven kirk church skillcraft Both forms survived with different meanings Vocabulary

14. Norse influence on OE: Grammar website

15. Norse influence on OE: Grammar Þú skalt mjólka kýrnar, ok ek skal út ganga at finna hrossin Sást þú skipin? Þau sigla til Danmerkur Þú scealt þá cýe meolcian ond ic sceal út gán þá hors tó findenne Gesáwe þú þá scipu? Hí seglað tó Denemearce

16. Norse influence on OE: Grammar If your mother says “méolcian” and your father says “mjólka”, what are you coing to say?

17. Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE 1.The First Germanic Consonant Shift 2.Vowel gradation 3.Nominal reduction to a 4-case system 4.Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system 5.Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives 6.Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix 7.Stress fixed on the root 8.A common distinctive vocabulary

18. Norse influence on OE: Grammar Towards the end of the Old English period, ther unstressed endings of words were losing their distinctions (dealt with later) – the English-Norse mixture of endings may well have increased the confusion

28. Old English and Old Norse Pronouns. Mod Eng OEON he him his hé hine him his hann hann honum hans she herhéo híe hire hire hún hana henni hennar it itshit hit him his hið hið hinu hins The Modern English forms seem to be derived from a mixture of Old English and Old Norse. Can you see which are which?

29. Old English and Old Norse Pronouns. Mod EngOEON theyhíþeir þær þau themhíþá þær þau themheomþeim theirhiraþeirra The Modern English forms seem to be derived from a mixture of Old English and Old Norse. Can you see which are which?