2. October 2002 Enerbuild meeting FUEL CELLS IN BUILDINGS Research needs to develop the sector

3. “Low temperature fuel cell systems which have a potential for a very low cost per kW and which, in the medium term, may be commercialised in stationary (buildings, industrial and commercial), mobile or portable applications.” “The aim should be to come to a first commercialisation of SPFC for cogeneration applications in buildings and for transport in 5-10 years” “Demonstration of isolated applications (transport, stationary) up to 300kW systems to quantify the potential of the technology” Fuel Cell Research strategy for Europe, 1998

4. Background Fuel cells provide heat and power, CHP Less pollution than IC or turbines(no NOX, SOX or particulates) when using fossil fuel Less noise Better electrical efficiency Better overall efficiency More reliable and will require less maintenance Quick start up if run on hydrogen Several fuel cell types can be used, PAFC, SOFC, PEM………

5. In the medium to long term fuel cells offer the best option for CHP in buildings. Domestic scale, microCHP Large scale

6. Domestic scale MicroCHP 1-5 kWe Replaces the domestic boiler See the MICROMAP project report on COGEN Europe web site. Two demonstration projects in Europe

7. Sulzer Hexis trials 1kWe SOFC (2.5 kW th) Field testing 1997- 21+ individual systems trialled I year life? Overall efficiency 70% “Pre-series 1000 Premiere”

8. Virtual Fuel Cell Power Plant EC supported project Vaillant using “Plugpower” system PEM 1-4.5kWe 4 currently installed, second wave coming

9. Large scale projects Existing market for CHP Several long term demonstrations on FC systems PAFC mostly (USA also) Demonstrations in traditional best CHP areas

10. Woking Borough Council UK 200kWe PAFC Heat supplied to recreation centre Electricity to a “private wire” network One of ten PC25 demonstrated in Europe by UTC since 1991

11. Malteser Hospital, Germany EC supported demonstration project 200kWe (220kWth)PAFC PC25 Trigeneration system with adsorption chiller Provides back-up UPS also Uses solar heat for the adsorption chillers Started May 2000, EC project completed, continues in use (15 year life expected)

12. Plus MCFC cell at the University in Bielefeld Fuel cell park in Essen

13. Current situation High FC cost stops commercialisation Competing technologies PAFC being phased out due to capital costs Reliability of other FC systems too low Enormous current investment, particularly in PEM FCs for vehicles USA and Japan investing heavily USA has programme of PEM trials in buildings EC has FC programmes New EU CHP Directive

14. FC BUILD Integrated Project FaberMaunsell Johnson Matthey COGEN Europe ENKAT Plus fuel suppliers, Government energy agencies, absorption chiller manufacturers, CHP packagers, and others

15. Conclusions on areas for R&D Time is right for trials in actual buildings Non-domestic applications is a major area due to the existing CHP market. PEM cells are appropriate for buildings applications – funding, performance and cost FCs will be particularly appropriate for office type installations due to power to heat ratio

16. Applications in non-domestic buildings Replacing the traditional CHP systems Leisure centres, hospitals, hotels………. Commercial, offices with trigeneration (where CHP is not economic) UPS Peak load lopping

17. Research and trials needed Trials of FC systems in actual building environments Component performance examination and improvement Trigeneration development and performance testing Plus Further research in FC reliability, cost reduction, longevity and efficiency.

18. Detailed testing needs, buildings related Comparing the output of FC systems with building needs, particularly temperatures Investigating installation issues, space, health and safety Develop appropriate control systems Measure pollution during operation, ventilation requirements, etc. Maintenance and breakdown Start up and close down issues Efficiencies Life time

19. Detailed testing needs, trigeneration Investigate low temperature ab/adsorption chillers Boosting PEM temperatures Increasing efficiencies Reducing costs

20. Developing the framework Education for designers, technicians, etc University courses Codes and standards for FCs in buildings General publicity for public and building owners Develop appropriate incentives for FC use

21. Conclusions Great interest in FCs in the buildings sector Europe needs to compete with USA and Japan Need to get European manufacturers going Need to get the European CHP industry active in the area Publicity from good field trials is needed