1. The Forgotten Pandemic The 1918 Flu Epidemic http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/bio/_images/fact_sheet/1918%20flu-1.jpg Presentation by Robert Martinez Primary Content Source: Wikipedia “Spanish Flu.” Images as cited.

2. http://www.whale.to/b/flumania.jpg

3. I had a little bird, Its name was Enza, I opened the window, And in-flew-enza. American Skipping Rhyme (circa 1918.)

4. The 1918 flu pandemic, commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, was an influenza pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world. http://www.olgp.net/chs/d1/flu2.jpg

5. http://www.helenahistory.org/flu_masks_1918_19.jpg

6. It was caused by an unusually virulent and deadly influenza A virus strain called H1N1. Historical data is inadequate in identifying the geographic origin of the virus. http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/165-WW-269B-11-trolley-l.jpg/180px-165-WW-269B-11-trolley-l.jpg

7. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/archive/resources/images/ch25_22.gif

8. Most of its victims were healthy young adults, in contrast to most influenza outbreaks which predominantly affect juvenile, elderly, or otherwise weakened immune-system patients. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sp-flu-alberta-field.jpg

9. The pandemic lasted from March 1918 to June 1920, spreading even to the Arctic and remote Pacific Islands. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Spanish_flu_death_chart.png

10. It is estimated that anywhere from 20 to 100 million people were killed worldwide. The pandemic is estimated to have affected up to one billion people, half the world’s population at the time. http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1918_flu_in_Oakland.jpg/180px-1918_flu_in_Oakland.jpg

11. In the United States, the disease was first observed at Fort Riley, Kansas on March 4, 1918, and in Queens, New York, on March 11, 1918. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/%7Efamilyhistorypages/The_Spanish_Influenza_files/image008.gif

12. The Allies of WW I came to call it the Spanish flu, primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France into Spain in November 1918. Spain was neutral during WWI, therefore, the press was not censured as in other warring countries. http://www.dmacdigest.com/Images/1918/ambulance3.jpg

13. Modern scientists have used tissue samples from frozen victims to reproduce the virus for study. Among the conclusions of this research is that the virus kills by a overreaction of the body’s immune system). http://www.todayinsci.com/Events/Medical/Checkup1918Thm.jpg

14. http://sharlot.org/archives/history/dayspast/images/2008_09_10.jpg

15. Therefore, the strong immune systems of young adults ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths. http://www.paho.org/Images/DD/PIN/persp18_13.jpg

16. The global mortality rate from the pandemic is not known. Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks ( a fast killer.). http://www.cbc.ca/news/sars/gfx/epidemic1.jpg

17. This pandemic has been described as “the greatest medical holocaust in history” and may have killed more people than the Black Death. http://www.stanford.edu/%7Ejpc/Chapter4_files/image003.jpg

18. http://kickthemallout.com/images/Photos/1918Flu/flu11.jpg

19. Approximate Deaths Worldwide Samples * India – 17 million Japan – 390,000 U.S. – 675,000 England – 250,000 France – 400,000 Canada – 50,000 * http://en.wikipedia.org/Flu_epidemic_of_1918

20. http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/image/wtd028181.jpg

21. This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50%, and the extreme severity of the symptoms..http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/histpoly/bigott/CALUMETMUSEUMWEB/1918articles/oct25b.JPG

22. One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhaging (bleeding) from the mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestines, ears, and lesions in the skin. http://www.yannone.org/BlogPics/FluVictim.jpg

23. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood caused by severe obstruction of the lungs. http://origin.foxnews.com/images/254389/2_61_spanish_flu_1918.jpg

24. http://www.harrymartinmusic.com/Scrap%20Book/Spanish%20flu%20victims,%20%20North%20River%201918.JPG

25. In some cases, the virus caused uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients drowned in their own body fluids (pneumonia.) http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2005/08/21/nyregion/21pandemic1.583.jpg

26. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_473nrD5vEv8/R9Z1nmU94xI/AAAAAAAAAVc/1TZEry9zRO0/s400/flu-pandemic.jpg

27. While WWI did not cause the flu, the close troop quarters and massive troop movements accelerated the pandemic, increasing transmission. http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/resources/BCBB9421-6B48-487A-8808-077A24A0CA9A/

28. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/birdflu/images/spanishflu1_sub.jpg

29. Some researchers speculate that the soldiers’ immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, and the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their susceptibility to the disease. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/10-worst-epidemics-3.jpg

30. The virus helped tip the balance of power in the war towards the Allied cause. The flu hit the Central Powers before it the Allied Powers, and the mortality rates in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than Britain and France. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/04/17/science/flu_4.600.jpg

31. An additional factor of the Spanish flu (like today) was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for people to spread the disease quickly to communities worldwide. http://www.ltmcollection.org/resources/index.html?IXglossary=First+World+War

32. The Great Influenza was the source of much fear in citizens around the world. Inflaming that fear was the fact that world governments and health officials were downplaying the situation. http://www.pastforward.ca/perspectives/images/flue.jpg

33. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2007/03/16/2003621769.jpg

34. While the panic from WWI was dwindling, governments attempted to keep morale up by spreading lies and downplaying the influenza. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/04/17/science/flu_4.600.jpg

35. http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3239/2777726533_024e1d87b0.jpg

36. While medical scientists attempted to discover a cure or vaccine, there was virtually no assistance from world governments. The war in Europe had become the #1 priority. http://www.glenbow.org/exhibitions/online/libpics/flu1.jpg

37. Many historians have called the Spanish flu the “forgotten pandemic.” http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/influ.jpg

38. http://www.alumni.umn.edu/sites/d2e2f762-6a18-437f-ad49-168669330020/uploads/flu1.jpg

39. The majority of deaths, in both WWI and in the Spanish Flu epidemic, were young adults. The deaths caused by the flu may have been overlooked due to the large numbers of deaths in the war. http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/spanish_flu_new.jpg

40. http://sharlot.org/archives/history/dayspast/images/2008_09_10.2.jpg

41. In addition, during this time period, pandemic outbreaks were not uncommon; typhoid, yellow fever, diphtheria, and cholera all occurred near the same time period. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_flu_hospital.png/300px-Spanish_flu_hospital.png

42. http://www.johnnygoodtimes.com/070117_Spanish_Flu.jpg

43. Notable Epidemic Survivors http://www.answers.com/topic/franklin-d-roosevelthttp://www.answers.com/topic/woodrow-wilson Presidents Woodrow Wilson & Franklin D. Roosevelt

44. http://www.answers.com/topic/walt-disneyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/mary-pickford Spanish Flu Survivors Silent film super-star Mary Pickford Famed animator Walt Disney

45. Spanish Flu Survivors U.S. General John J. Pershing, WWI http://www.answers.com/topic/john-j-pershing-1 Wilhelm II, German Emperor, WWI http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-ii-of-germany

46. Notable Flu Survivor http://www.answers.com/topic/le-szil-rd-2 Leo Szilard, Inventor Nuclear Chain Reaction

47. Swine Flu 2009 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20090428/us-swine-flu-us/images/bb79eda6-71a8-4416-b157-85fb902009af.jpg http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/04/25/world/25mexico2_600.jpg

48. Swine Flu 2009 http://images.huffingtonpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/1466/slide_1466_20818_large.jpghttp://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2009/04/25/passengers-masks-cp-250-661.jpg

49. Swine Flu 2009 http://media.cnbc.com/i/CNBC/Sections/News_And_Analysis/__Story_Inserts/graphics/__HEALTH/flu_outbreak3.jpg

50. Swine Flu 2009 http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/04/25/world/25mexicoA_xl.jpghttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20090426/med-swine-flu/images/147c4e39-87ba-49d8-ab1e-51e0e0757865.jpg

51. SWINE FLU: 1st Death in US is Child in Texas; All Comal schools closed until May 11 http://www.abrazo.org/saen.gif Comal ISD/New Braunfels ISD closing all schools Texas cancels high school athletics as flu cases grow to 16