2. Ocean Productivity

3. Kelp Forest Macroalgae: 3% of Ocean Photosynthesis www.underwaterplanet.com

4. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton: 97% of Ocean Photosynthesis

5. Phytoplankton spines: increase in surface for higher floatability Silicoflagellates

6. Ecosystem Productivity (Annual net productivity)

7. Ocean primary productivity

8. The Microbial Revolution – 1970s Discovery of tiny photosynthetic microbes - Gyres Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) - e.g. Prochlorococcus Source of Incredible Marine Natural Products - Make up ½ of phytoplankton in Oceans! – A Microbial Revolution Annually new discoveries of Microbes Alter the way We – Think about Ocean/systems

9. Major Types of Plankton Pico phytoplankton ≤ 2 uM - Cyanobacteria (prochlorococcus,chlorophyll-b) (synechococcus, chlorophyll-a) Nano phytoplankton ≤ 20 uM – Small Diatoms, cocolithophores Micro phytoplankton ≤ 200 uM - Large Diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, radiolarians.

10. Major Types of Plankton Absorb UV light at different Wavelengths

11. – What is Primary Production? The rate of production of Organic matter by phytoplankton or photo autotrophs What are some examples of algae producers besides phytoplankton (aka macro algae)? – Macroalgae (Kelp) – Zooxanthellae (Coral) – True Marine Plants » Mangroves » Seagrass » Marsh Plants

12. Primary Production(aka - a Bloom) – Light Reactions (Sunlight) -Photosynthesis – Dark Reactions (convert E from light w/ CO2  sugars) – CO 2 + H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O + H 2 O + O 2 – 106 CO 2 + 122 H 2 O + 16 HNO 3 + 1 H 3 PO 4  106 C 6 H 12 O + H 2 O 16 NH 3 + 1 H 3 PO 4 + 138 O 2 – THE REVERSE (grazing) RESPIRATION Zooplakton, Fish, Whales, Humans Eat e.g.Sugar  spit out CO 2 (Sugar/Carbs)

13. From Studying Cell Counts to Satellites – Many ways exist to estimate primary production

14. Plant Biomass – How much phytoplankton is there (mg Chl/m 3 ) or (μg Chl/liter) Productivity – A rate of how much carbon is produced per time g Carbon / m 3 / day – GROSS Productivity = Carbon fixed through Photosynthesis per time – NET Productivity = Gross Prod - Respiration Measuring Productivity

15. Standing Crop: Plant Biomass

16. Grass clippings after 1 week: Productivity

17. Light and Dark Bottle Method; Measure dissolved oxygen in the Bottles (before and after “incubation”)

18. Productivity measurements with DEPTH

19. – Redfield Ratio The optimum ratio of Macronutrients for Phytoplankton to bloom: – What is the ratio?Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous – C 106 N 16 P 1

20. Fig. 13.3

22. Figure 13.8

23. Vertical distribution of Nutrients

24. Atlantic & Pacific nutrient distribution

25. Controls on Primary Production Light Nutrients Zooplankton grazing Other?

26. Controls of Primary Production – Photosynthetic Light Limitation

27. Controls of Primary Production – Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients

28. Controls of Primary Production – Marine Bacteria and Nutrients Reminerilization (recycling)

30. Productivity and depth

31. Photic Zone and Compensation Depth

32. Controls of Primary Production –Vertical Mixing c c