1. Why Did Europe’s Productivity Growth Catch-up Sputter Out? A Tale of Tigers and Tortoises Robert J. Gordon and Ian Dew-Becker Northwestern University FRBSF/CSIP Conference, San Francisco, November 18, 2005

2. The U. S. Accelerates, Europe Decelerates The last half-decade has witnessed The last half-decade has witnessed An explosion in U. S. productivity growth An explosion in U. S. productivity growth An explosion in research on the U. S. takeoff and Europe’s failure to match it An explosion in research on the U. S. takeoff and Europe’s failure to match it Much of the research by Bart and his co-authors Much of the research by Bart and his co-authors The magnitude of the shift The magnitude of the shift EU/US level of labor productivity (ALP) EU/US level of labor productivity (ALP) 1979 1995 2004 1979 1995 2004 77%94%85% 77%94%85%

3. Primary Attention in Past Research: The U. S. Revival Consensus view has formed: explanation is TFP growth in information and computer technology using industries Consensus view has formed: explanation is TFP growth in information and computer technology using industries TFP accounts for most of the ALP gap, capital- deepening relatively little TFP accounts for most of the ALP gap, capital- deepening relatively little ICT Production TFP Explains a Relatively Small Share of EU-U.S. Difference ICT Production TFP Explains a Relatively Small Share of EU-U.S. Difference Most of the Difference is TFP in ICT-Using Industries Most of the Difference is TFP in ICT-Using Industries Of these the Most Important are: Of these the Most Important are: Wholesale trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Retail trade Financial/securities Financial/securities

4. Complementary Research on Retailing Foster et. Al. on new retailing establishments and disappearance of old establishments Foster et. Al. on new retailing establishments and disappearance of old establishments Not just the acceleration – all the growth Not just the acceleration – all the growth Big boxes at freeway intersections Big boxes at freeway intersections Contrast to Europe: Contrast to Europe: Land-use planning restrictions Land-use planning restrictions Protection of central-city pedestrian precincts Protection of central-city pedestrian precincts McGuckin et. Al. on Europe: later and less complete deregulation of trucking, cross-border supply chain McGuckin et. Al. on Europe: later and less complete deregulation of trucking, cross-border supply chain

5. This Paper: There is Another Half to the Puzzle The EU-U.S. turnaround is the 1995-2004 U. S. acceleration minus the EU deceleration The EU-U.S. turnaround is the 1995-2004 U. S. acceleration minus the EU deceleration Almost half of the turnaround represents Europe’s deceleration, the rest the U. S. Acceleration Almost half of the turnaround represents Europe’s deceleration, the rest the U. S. Acceleration All the literature on ICT and retailing refers to only half the puzzle All the literature on ICT and retailing refers to only half the puzzle This paper is about the other half This paper is about the other half

6. Our Main Findings Almost half of the turnaround of ALP growth is happening in Europe, not in the U. S. Almost half of the turnaround of ALP growth is happening in Europe, not in the U. S. This applies both to ALP growth and TFP growth This applies both to ALP growth and TFP growth A simultaneous turnaround in capital deepening explains about 1/3 of turnaround, TFP the rest A simultaneous turnaround in capital deepening explains about 1/3 of turnaround, TFP the rest The divergence within Europe is just as interesting as the EU-US gap The divergence within Europe is just as interesting as the EU-US gap And it has totally different causes And it has totally different causes

7. What We’re Working With: EU and US ALP Growth

8. EU and US TFP Growth: Whose fault is it?

9. Components of ALP Gap

10. Trends in ALP Both capital deepening and TFP turn around in 1998 Both capital deepening and TFP turn around in 1998 Fully 1/3 of the 2% gap in ALP growth is due to capital deepening Fully 1/3 of the 2% gap in ALP growth is due to capital deepening ALP gap is not just due to US acceleration, but also EU decline ALP gap is not just due to US acceleration, but also EU decline

11. How does ICT Factor in? TFP: Only 0.18 points of 1.33 are due to ICT producing industries TFP: Only 0.18 points of 1.33 are due to ICT producing industries Consistent with standard retail and finance story Consistent with standard retail and finance story Capital deepening: Only 0.09 points of 0.67 due to ICT production Capital deepening: Only 0.09 points of 0.67 due to ICT production Of the 0.67, 1/3 due to rise in US, 2/3 to fall in EU Of the 0.67, 1/3 due to rise in US, 2/3 to fall in EU Lots of factors influencing investment different ways Lots of factors influencing investment different ways

12. Defining Tigers and Tortoises Tigers: Ireland, Greece, Finland, Austria Tigers: Ireland, Greece, Finland, Austria Share: 8%ALP: 3.42% Share: 8%ALP: 3.42% Middle: Sweden, Portugal, UK, Germany, Denmark, France Middle: Sweden, Portugal, UK, Germany, Denmark, France Share: 58%ALP: 1.87% Share: 58%ALP: 1.87% Tortoises: Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain Tortoises: Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain Share: 36%ALP: 0.72% Share: 36%ALP: 0.72%

13. What Else Changed after 1995? Variance across countries rises Variance across countries rises SD of ALP rises from 0.8 to 1.23 SD of ALP rises from 0.8 to 1.23 TFP goes from 0.7 to 1.04 TFP goes from 0.7 to 1.04 But, SD decreases for TFP and capital deepening in ICT producing industries But, SD decreases for TFP and capital deepening in ICT producing industries So the distinctions must come from non-ICT producing industries So the distinctions must come from non-ICT producing industries Where has the non-ICT differential within Europe come from? Where has the non-ICT differential within Europe come from? Same as EU-US gap, or different factors? Same as EU-US gap, or different factors?

14. Contributions to EU-US ALP GAP

15. Contributions to ALP Growth

16. Contributions to Change in Tortoises