1. Lane Reservation for Highways (Position Paper) Nishkam Ravi 1, Stephen Smaldone 1, Liviu Iftode 1, and Mario Gerla 2 1 Computer Science Rutgers University, NJ {nravi, smaldone, iftode}@cs.rutgers.edu 2 Computer Science UCLA, CA gerla@cs.ucla.edu

2. 2 Modern Highways Highway Travel Time = ???

3. 3 Modern Highway Usage Scenarios Bob Bob’s Work Bob’s Home Highway 1 Hour 2 Hours Nancy Tuesday 4:30 PM Court

4. 4 Reservation Systems Departure: 3:30 PM Arrival: 4:30 PM Reservation Guarantee Train Plane

5. 5 Lane Reservation System for Highways Highway Reservation/ Enforcement System Enforce Reserve RFID Reader/ Camera High-Priority Lane Low-Priority Lanes Lane Entrance Assistance System

6. 6 Outline  Introduction  Design  Policies and Issues  Security and Privacy  Implementation and Evaluation Plan  Related and Prior Work  Conclusions and Future Work

7. 7 Design Requirements  Reservations  Drivers need a way to reserve a slot on the High-Priority Lane  Entering the High-Priority Lane  The system must assist drivers to enter the HPL at the appropriate time, with minimal disruption to higher speed traffic  Exiting the High-Priority Lane  The system must account for exiting time and assist drivers to exit the HPL to maintain upper bound on travel time  Enforcement  The system must ensure that only drivers with valid reservations may travel on the HPL  Exception Handling  The system must be able to cope with exceptional conditions, e.g., cancellations, exchanges, accidents, road closures, etc.

8. 8 Reservation System Driver B Date / Time Single Highway Section Single-Leg Reservation Slot Price Driver A Reservation System Source & Destination Multiple Highways Multi-Leg Reservation Combined Price Policy 1 Frequent Driver Reservation System Date / Time Highway Section Location Traces Trace-Based Reservation Price Policy 2 On Demand Request Highway Section On-Demand Reservation Price Reservation System In-Transit Driver Policy 3

9. 9 Lane Entrance Assistance System  Cars travel at relatively higher speeds in HPL  The system must assist drivers to enter the HPL with minimal disruption to HPL traffic Sequence Number Digital Ticket RTY Y ACK SD Digital Ticket RTY SD Policy 1Policy 2

10. 10 Lane Exit Assurance System  Regular lanes may be jammed, blocking highway exit  Exit lanes may be jammed Exit Lane HPL Exit Lane Reservation System Exit Lane Reservation Reserve

11. 11 Enforcement System  Model 1: Highways can be instrumented with digital cameras to record license plate numbers  Model 2: Vehicles can be equipped with RFID tags and highways and police cars can be instrumented with RFID readers  Model 3: Vehicles can challenge each other to present valid digital tickets over vehicle-to-vehicle communication Enforcement System Enforce RFID Reader/ Camera Models 1 & 2 Enforce Digital Ticket Model 3

12. 12 Exception Handling System  Reservation Exceptions  The system must handle cancellations, reimbursements, and reassignment of reservations  The system should allow reservations to be exchanged between drivers, based on mutual agreement between two drivers  Accidents  Accidents may occur in the High-Priority Lane  The system should handle rebooking reservation slots for drivers  Rebooking may involve multi-leg reservations

13. 13 Outline  Introduction  Design  Security and Privacy  Implementation and Evaluation Plan  Related and Prior Work  Conclusions and Future Work

14. 14 Security and Privacy Issues  Privacy Issues  In reserving a slot, drivers are revealing the specifics of their future intended travel (location and time)  In providing location traces, drivers are surrendering proof of their past travel information  The system must provide trustworthiness to drivers to foster participation  Security Issues  New entrants to the High-Priority Lane must broadcast their sequence numbers, which may be forged  The system must provide a mechanism for the signing and verification of the broadcast sequence numbers  The system must provide a mechanism for the validation of the authenticity of digital signatures  Communication with the reservation and enforcement system must be encrypted to counter “man-in-the-middle” attacks

15. 15 Implementation and Evaluation Plan  Reservation System  Will be built from commodity hardware / software  Export a web-based front-end over the Internet  Lane Entrance Assistance System  Will be built using car PC’s and mobile phones  Enforcement System  Will utilize car PC’s, mobile phones, RFID tags and readers, and road- side cameras  Evaluation Metrics  Measure best case performance  Measure performance with exceptions  Measure break-even performance  Measure relative performance (as compared to alternative systems)

16. 16 Vehicular Simulation Plan  Unlikely to be possible to evaluate possible policies for each system component in real world deployments  Prune worst performing policies through simulation  Some cases can only be simulated  Too costly or difficult to test in a real world test bed  VANET Simulator [Gorgorin’06]  Must extend to support HPL components Receive Event Send Event GPS Event Receive Handler Send Procedure GPS Data Vehicular Mobility Model Node State SchedulerMobility Models Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2Vehicle 3 … Events Queue

17. 17 Related and Prior Work  Related Work  Congestion/Road Pricing [Smeed’64]  Prior Work  TrafficView [Nadeem’04, Nadeem’06]  EZCab [Zhou’05]  Vehicular Services over V2V [Dikaiakos’07, Riva’07]  Adaptive Traffic Lights using V2V [Gorgorin’07]  VANET Simulation [Gorgorin’06]  Security and Privacy [Picconi’06, Ravi’06]  Experimental Vehicles, Intelligent Intersection, and Instrumented Car [Palazzi’07]  WHYNET Project [Magistretti’06, Lee’06, Roccetti’07]

18. 18 Conclusions and Future Work  Lane Reservation System for Highways  Differentiated service for high-priority traffic  Design rationale for component systems  Research Plan  Evaluate system under various policies through simulation  Prototype and deploy system within a real world test bed

19. Thank you! http://discolab.rutgers.edu