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Extended Twin-Kinship Designs Lindon Eaves, NIDA Workshop, VIPBG, Richmond, October 2010.
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Some issues Human = DNA x Brains x Feet x World People live in families and society “Environment” matters as much as “Genes” Focus on ideas Illustrate with real world applications No “one-size-fits-all”: design and model depends on question and context
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The Extended Phenotype Me World Parents Siblings Child Spouse Extended Phenotype
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Nuclear Families
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Non-Genetic Inheritance
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Genetic Inheritance
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Nuclear Families “Typical” Common (large samples) Test for spousal resemblance Biological and cultural transmission confounded Age/secular differences between generations
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Classical Twin Design Easy to get large samples Matched for age Gives preliminary estimates of major components (“A,C,E”) Test for sibling interaction/imitation/contrast Test for interaction with covariates Easy Extension to multivariate/longitudinal case
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Limitations of Twin Study Focus on phenotype of individual twin (ignores “extended phenotype”) Twins may be “special” Matched for age (no rest for Gx Age interaction, in cross-sectional data) No generally applicable test of “D” (non-additive genetic effects) in presence of ACE. Can’t fit A,C, E and “D” at same time. Estimates of ACE biased by “D”. “C” is a mixture of effects (“real” shared environment, “passive rGE”, effects of parental assortative mating)
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Extensions of the Twin Study Twins and Siblings (“TAS”) Twins and Parents (“TAP”) Children of Twins (“COT”) Spouses of Twins (“SPOT”) All of the above (“E-Twin”) Longitudinal extensions (e.g. “L-TAP”)
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Twins and Siblings MZ DZ
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Twins and Siblings: Test Assumptions 1.Compare means of twins and sibs 2.Compare DZ and Sib correlations 3.Test for and analyze birth order effects 4.Test for interaction of sib-resemblance with age 5.Add parents?
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MZ DZ “TAP”: Twins and Parents
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Combining Twins and Nuclear Families Familial Transmission in the US and Australia Eaves, Hatemi, Heath and Martin (2010, in press) in Hatemi and McDermott “Man is a Political Animal”. Univ. Chicago Press
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Twins, Parents of Twins, Nuclear Families Twins Parents of Twins Offspring of Twins Siblings of Twins Spouses of Twins © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Twins and Parents Resolve biological and cultural transmission if measure same phenotype in both generations Include some analysis of assortment Some test for non-additive effects (dominance, GxAge) Some test of child-parent interaction (evocative rGE) “Easy to do” especially with juveniles. Lots of ways of using. But need to be careful.
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The Virginia 30,000 Men Women Total Twins 5325 9436 14781 Parents of Twins 913 1447 2360 Spouses of Twins2515 1876 4391 Children of Twins1890 2910 4800 Siblings of Twins1260 1924 3184 Other 67 128 195 Total 11970 17721 29691
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The Australia 22,000 Men Women Total Twins 3459 6098 9557 Parents of Twins1418 1956 3374 Spouses of Twins1547 823 2370 Children of Twins 925 668 1593 Siblings of Twins1554 2032 3586 Total 8646 11834 20480
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Relationship Sample Sizes (N pairs) Virginia AustraliaTotal MinMaxMedianMinMaxMedian Spouses45254930 486525693474 3422 8287 Mother- Daughter 39944667 454928824291 4208 8875 Mother-Son27243138 304520012948 2861 5906 Father- Daughter 26753095 301020093005 2947 5957 Father-Son19622247 217415522859 2224 4398 Par.-Offspring 12778 1224025018 Male siblings13681551 152311051586 1540 3063 Female siblings 32033645 358821393288 3228 6816 Male-Female siblings 38584395 433131314562 4487 8818 Siblings 9442 925518697 Male DZ twins 505 583 575 285 476 380 955 Female DZ twins 10221183 1151 624 955 826 1977 Male-Female DZ twins 11471334 1310 6291070 878 2188 DZ Twins 3036 2084 5120 Male MZ twins 721 790 774 482 723 632 1406 Female MZ twins 16571885 1843 10321469 1374 3217 MZ Twins 2617 2006 4623 Sample Sizes (Number of Pairs of Relatives) for Participating Families. Note: variation occurs in the number of pairs for different variables because of patterns of missing variables. For the purposes of this analysis values are assumed to be missing at random.
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Stature (Virginia 30,000 and OZ 22,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Stature and Liberalism/Conservatism (Virginia 30,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Liberalism/Conservatism (Virginia 30,000 and Australia 22,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Stature and EPQ Neuroticism (Virginia 30,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Socially Significant Variables (Virginia 30,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Nuclear Family Correlations for Socially Significant Variables (Australia 22K) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Twin Correlations for Stature (Virginia 30,000 and Australia 22,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Twin Correlations for Stature and Liberalism (Virginia 30,000 and Australia 22,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Twin Correlations for Socially Significant Variables (Virginia 30,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Twin Correlations for Socially Significant Variables (Australia 22,000) © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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RelationshipExpected Correlation Spouses Mother-Daughter v f + u f + ½ h f (H F + H m ) Mother-Son v m + u m + ½ h m (H F + H m ) Father-Daughter u f + v f + ½ h f (H m + H f ) Father-Son u m + v m + ½ h m (H m + H f ) Male siblings h m 2 + u m 2 + v m 2 + 2 u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 Female siblings h f 2 + u f 2 + v f 2 + 2 u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 Male-Female siblings h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f Male DZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m 2 + 2 u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female DZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f 2 + 2 u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Male-Female DZ h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f + t m t f Male MZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m 2 + 2 u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female MZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f 2 + 2 u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Where: = ½ (1+ H m H f ) Subject to: 1-h m 2 + u m 2 + v m 2 + 2 u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 +e m 2 = 0 1-h f 2 + u f 2 + v f 2 + 2 u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 +e f 2 = 0 H’ m - h m + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 H’ f - h f + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 Expected correlations between twins and nuclear families: Model for joint biological and cultural inheritance Note: The model tabulated does not incorporate genetic dominance, GxAge interaction or sex-specific genetic and environmental effects.
![RelationshipExpected Correlation Spouses Mother-Daughter v f + u f + ½ h f (H F + H m ) Mother-Son v m + u m + ½ h m (H F + H m ) Father-Daughter u f + v f + ½ h f (H m + H f ) Father-Son u m + v m + ½ h m (H m + H f ) Male siblings h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 Female siblings h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 Male-Female siblings h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f Male DZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female DZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Male-Female DZ h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f + t m t f Male MZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female MZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Where: = ½ (1+ H m H f ) Subject to: 1-h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 +e m 2 = 0 1-h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 +e f 2 = 0 H’ m - h m + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 H’ f - h f + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 Expected correlations between twins and nuclear families: Model for joint biological and cultural inheritance Note: The model tabulated does not incorporate genetic dominance, GxAge interaction or sex-specific genetic and environmental effects.](http://images.slideplayer.com/16/5029016/slides/slide_30.jpg "RelationshipExpected Correlation Spouses Mother-Daughter v f + u f + ½ h f (H F + H m ) Mother-Son v m + u m + ½ h m (H F + H m ) Father-Daughter u f + v f + ½ h f (H m + H f ) Father-Son u m + v m + ½ h m (H m + H f ) Male siblings h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 Female siblings h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 Male-Female siblings h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f Male DZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female DZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Male-Female DZ h m h f + u m u f + v m v f + u f v m + u m v f ) + ½h m [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + ½h f [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m c f + t m t f Male MZ h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 Female MZ h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 Where: = ½ (1+ H m H f ) Subject to: 1-h m 2 + u m 2 + v m u m v m + h m [v m (H f + H m ) + u m (H m + H f )] + c m 2 + t m 2 +e m 2 = 0 1-h f 2 + u f 2 + v f u f v f + h f [v f (H f + H m ) + u f (H m + H f )] + c f 2 + t f 2 +e f 2 = 0 H’ m - h m + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 H’ f - h f + ½H m (v m + u m ) + ½H f (u m + v m ) = 0 Expected correlations between twins and nuclear families: Model for joint biological and cultural inheritance Note: The model tabulated does not incorporate genetic dominance, GxAge interaction or sex-specific genetic and environmental effects.")
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Males Females VAVA VDVD VEVE V EC V ET V CI VAVA VDVD VEVE V EC V ET V CI Stature US72.811.915.3 76.714.914.4 Au68.316.215.476.2 5.718.1 Conserve’m US44.843.2 4.7 7.256.536.7 3.5 3.3 Au48.636.5 9.3 5.755.828.910.9 4.4 Neuroticism US23.111.065.929.511.858.7 Au28.7 5.665.726.614.758.7 Church Attendance US63.526.1 2.1 8.962.127.1 6.1 4.8 Au43.444.8 1.5 6.549.036.0 6.8 8.3 Political Affiliation US51.819.210.518.546.410.920.020.7 Au21.9 2.517.658.128.8 0.016.354.9 Educational Attainment US59.414.514.311.858.414.118.3 9.2 Au34.032.518.315.240.726.922.7 9.7 Twins, Parents and Nuclear Families: Proportions (%) of variance in phenotype attributed to sources in best-fitting model. Sources of variance: V A =Additive genetic; V D = Dominance genetic ; V E = Residual, unique environmental, within sibships; V EC = Residual shared environmental among sibships; V ET = Additional shared environmental between twin pairs; V CI = Non-genetic (“cultural”) inheritance from parental phenotype.
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Summary Results consistent across (western) samples – except for political affiliation Most parent-offspring transmission genetic after allowance for assortment – except for political affiliation Not much shared environment – except for education and political affiliation Consistently different patterns of transmission for different variables – assortment much more important for “social” variables
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Spouses of Twins Unraveling the Process of Mate Selection
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Classical Treatment (Fisher, 1918) Considered: 1. Assortment based on measured phenotype 2. Assortment for “essential genotype” 3. Assortment for correlated trait
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Twins and Spouses Twins Parents of Twins Offspring of Twins Siblings of Twins Spouses of Twins © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Spousal Resemblance Based on Assortative Mating for Measured Phenotype
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Spousal Resemblance Based on Assortative Mating for Phenotype Measured with Error
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Assortment for a latent correlated variable (e.g. “social homogamy”)
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Spousal Interaction See: Heath AC (1987) Acta Genetica Medica et Gemellelogiae
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ModelRandom mating Phenotypic (P) P+Error Spousal Interaction Social Homogamy d.f. 16 15 13 14 11 Variable Sample S 2 StatureUS 449.179 31.36324.423 1 78.930 28.786 AU 239.827 12.94711.817 1 31.694 25.353 ConservatismUS2535.373 14.84512.143118.266328.491 AU2041.407 31.62729.669113.276239.123 NeuroticismUS 63.371 17.811 See note 2 20.226 19.458 AU 28.337 17.444 See note 2 15.583 22.807 Church attendance US3375.872 15.18712.841103.042611.006 AU3019.544 22.14021.548 1 76.574403.950 Political affiliation US2213.625 22.25418.500 87.889429.819 AU2337.500 34.18332.537 70.696322.685 Educational attainment US2477.957 46.21028.207243.100 57.774 AU1430.440 44.14618.624160.747 82.086 Goodness-of-fit statistics (weighted residual sums of squares, S 2 ) for selected models for assortative mating in the US and Australia Notes: 1 Estimated regression of male outcome on latent trait on upper bound (1.000). 2 This model is poorly identified for Neuroticism because the correlation between mates is close to zero.
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Twins and Parents
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Combine benefits of twin study and nuclear families Twins help separate genes and environment Parents allow test for and some analysis of assortative mating Parent-offspring data test some models for intergenerational transmission Test for evocative rGE if assess parenting towards individual twins
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Example Parental Anti-Social Personality and Juvenile Conduct Disorder: A Longitudinal Study of Twins and Parents Eaves et al. (2010) Behavior Genetics
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Observe Parental neglect correlates with child conduct disorder (CD) Parental ASP correlates with juvenile CD ASP parents tend to neglect their children
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Question Does parental neglect cause child CD OR is the association a secondary consequence of: a) the fact that parental neglect is a “symptom” of ASP b) the fact that parental ASP shares a common familial (genetic?) association with juvenile CD?
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To Answer the Question we need to: Sort out the genetics of adult ASP Sort out the genetics of juvenile CD Sort out the genetic and environmental relationships between adult and juvenile ASP and CD within and between generations Deal with spousal resemblance Model sex differences in transmission and effects of genes and environment Resolve direct causal effect (DCE) of neglect from secondary genetic association with juvenile CD
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Design Twins and Parents: Parents measured as Adults (ASP and Neglect of Children) Same twins measured as juveniles (CD) and young adults (ASP)
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Outcome Statistic N r a.s.e. Adult male4760.15060.0770 Adult female5130.29860.0659 Juvenile male3640.22760.1045 Juvenile female4060.31830.0824 Polychoric correlations between childhood adversity and anti-social behavior of adult and juvenile offspring. Relationship Statistic N r a.s.e. Mother-Father ASP9420.40060.0370 Father ASP-Adversity4890.28050.0707 Mother ASP.-Adversity5770.41210.0565 Polychoric correlations between parental (adult) anti-social behavior (ASP) and childhood adversity Relationship Statistic N r a.s.e. Mother-adult son 9770.23680.0398 Mother-adult daughter11580.21260.0380 Mother-juvenile son 6620.14750.0583 Mother-juvenile daughter 7460.24540.0558 Father-adult son 7610.15070.0471 Father-adult daughter 8690.25580.0442 Father-juvenile son 5250.20350.0671 Father-juvenile daughter 5680.14500.0681 Polychoric correlations between anti-social behavior of (adult) parents and adult (ASP) and juvenile (CD) anti-social behavior of their offspring.
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Relationship Statistic N r a.s.e. Twins (as adults) MZm2430.56540.0615 MZf3330.50930.0611 DZm1370.26460.1078 DZf1540.40690.0960 DZmf2090.30690.0875 Twins (as juveniles) MZm1690.80030.0572 MZf2250.80230.0552 DZm1010.51530.1498 DZf 920.41890.1565 DZmf1320.01500.1809 Twins (adult-juvenile) MZm2880.17510.0879 MZf3940.11260.0848 DZm1680.15260.1284 DZf1640.35960.1101 DZmf1150.05950.1474 DZfm1130.06470.1630 Within subject (adult-juvenile) Males5690.24520.0632 Females6740.11030.0643 Polychoric correlations for juvenile conduct disorder and adult anti-social personality in YAFU/VTSABD twins.
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Conceptual model for the effects of genes and the family environment on anti-social behavior.
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Estimated contributions of parents and residual effects to the shared environment of twin offspring.
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Effects of the unique and shared environment on adult and juvenile anti-social behavior and females.
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Component Second sibling GAF GJF GAM GJM rGE First Sibling GAF0.50330.0000 0.0406 0.00000.0683 GJF0.00000.5000 0.0000 GAM0.04060.0000 0.5082 0.00000.0101 GAF0.0000 0.0025 0.50000.0000 Estimated passive genotype-environment correlations and sibling correlations between additive genetic components assuming equilibrium under assortative mating and non-genetic parent-child transmission. Note: Under random mating, the diagonal genetic correlations are expected to be 0.5 and the off- diagonals zero. In the absence of either genetic or non-genetic transmission the genotype-environment correlations (the last column in the table) are expected to be zero.
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The Children of Twins (“COT”) Effects of Maternal and Fetal Genotype on Preterm Birth York et al. (2010) PLoS-One
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Children of Twins Twins Parents of Twins Offspring of Twins Siblings of Twins Spouses of Twins © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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Varieties of COT “MZ-half siblings” (Corey and Nance, 1974) Children of MZ and DZ twins Twins and the children of twins Children of Twins and children of siblings
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Children of twins Resolve effects of maternal/paternal and fetal genotype (care!!) Resolve genetic from environmental effects of parents on children (with parents) Need to be careful: assortative mating and home environment dyadic (depends on both parents)
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European AmericanAfrican American Parental relationship N. FamiliesN. BirthsN. FamiliesN. Births Sibship284,446575,70966,983119,791 Maternal half-sibship6,73612,2692,4314,515 Paternal half-sibship5,4199,8002,8395,292 MZ male twin5951,0926999 MZ female twin6181,21298144 DZ male twin3937005277 DZ female twin36869672119 DZ male-female twin9361,614139210 Total299,511603,09272,683130,247 Virginia Preterm Birth Study Sample frequencies by parental relationship and race Source: York, TP et al (2010). Racial Differences in Genetic and Environmental Risk to Preterm Birth. PLoS One: 5(1), 1-6, e12391.
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Full Genetic Model (Model 2)Reduced Genetic Model (Model 12) Source Estimate95% CIPercentageEstimate95% CIPercentage African American Fetal genetic0.264(0.0, 2.302)3.7--- Maternal genetic0.976(0.274, 1.357)13.81.040(0.531, 1.445)14.7 Shared environment1.215(0.499, 1.666)17.11.281(0.872, 1.781)18.0 Unique environment4.642(3.559, 4.899)65.44.777(4.625, 4.927)67.3 European American Fetal genetic1.325(0.640, 1.927)35.21.325(0.695, 1.964)35.2 Maternal genetic0.503(0.263, 0.767)13.40.503(0.235, 0.758)13.4 Shared environment0.263(0.006, 0.537)7.00.264(0.027, 0.537)7.0 Unique environment1.673(1.355, 2.024)44.41.674(1.355, 1.990)44.5 Estimated variance components from Virginia Preterm Birth Study 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. Estimates adjusted for covariates (birth order, maternal age, fetal sex, source of care, smoking, maternal education). Source: York, TP et al (2010). Racial Differences in Genetic and Environmental Risk to Preterm Birth. PLoS One: 5(1), 1-6, e12391.
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Notes Uncorrelated residual environmental effects on children are omitted from the figure. Key to symbols:T1=Twin 1; T2=Twin 2; S1=Spouse of Twin 1; S2=Spouse of Twin 2; O1=Offspring of Twin 1; O2=Offspring of Twin 2; A= additive genetic effects expressed in both adults and children (“life course persistent”); A’ = residual additive genetic effects specific to children (“juvenile limited”); C = shared environmental effects adults; C’= shared environmental effects on children explained by parental phenotype; C”= residual, juvenile specific, shared environmental effects in twins and siblings. E=adult unique environmental effect Source: Eaves, Maes and Silberg (2010), JCCP. Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children’s depression and conduct disturbance
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Twin correlationsDepression * Conduct Disturbance ** MZ adult 1.32 (n=498) DZ adult 1.12 (n=545) MZ child 2.34 (n=692).73 (n=684) DZ child 2.17 (n=645).34 (n=627) Adult - Child correlations 3 MZ parent.18 (n=753).21 (n=1347) DZ parent.20 (n=845).23 (n=1508) MZ avuncular.07 (n=661).11 (n=1141) DZ avuncular.01 (n=654).06 (n=1129) Cousin Correlations MZ twin pair families.01 (n=261).15 (n=526) DZ twin pair families.02 (n=185).15 (n=441) Twin, parent - child, avuncular – offspring, and cousin correlations for MZ and DZ twins. 1 Adult twin correlations - Children of Twins Study (COT) 2 Juvenile twin correlations - Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) 3 Complete and incomplete twin pair families * Child ratings of depression ** Parental ratings of conduct
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ParameterFree?DepressionConduct Correlation between spouses F0.1761 0.2064 Persistent additive genetic effect to adult phenotype F0.5410 0.5426 Persistent additive genetic effect to juvenile phenotype F0.0000! 0.3898 Juvenile-limited genetic effect to juvenile phenotype F0.5339 0.6775 Adult shared environment to adult phenotype F0.0000! Parental phenotype to juvenile shared environment D0.6520 0.6438 Juvenile shared environment to juvenile phenotype F0.2101 0.1304 Juvenile-specific shared environment to phenotype F0.0000! Correlation between persistent genetic and shared environmental effects D0.4149 0.4215 Partial regression of juvenile outcome on parental phenotype D0.1369 0.0839 Correlation between genes of parents and phenotype of parents D0.5410 0.5246 Correlation between additive genetic effects of siblings/twins D0.5226 0.5304 -2lnL7116.8273916.157 K 4 5 22 0.325 1.218 d.f. 3 2 P 0.95520.5438 Summary of Model-Fitting Results for Adult Depression and Juvenile Outcome in Children of Twins Notes: K= # of free (unconstrained) parameters in the model. F=free; D=derived !=parameter fixed at zero ex hypothesi; “Comparison” denotes model with which reduced model is compared; 2 =log-likelihood ratio chi-square for model comparison; d.f. = degrees of freedom for 2 ;
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The Full Monty….
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ANZUS 50K: Extended Kinships of Twins Twins Parents of Twins Offspring of Twins Siblings of Twins Spouses of Twins © Lindon Eaves, 2009
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The Full Monty Additive Assortment Dominant Parents Siblings Twins Within-family Short-term Genes Environment Any or all of the above effects may depend on sex
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It can get complicated Caveat emptor
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The First Model: “Stealth” Truett et al., 1994.
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Sample sizes for in the Virginia 30,000
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Summary Correlations for Stature in the Virginia 30,000
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Relative Contributions to Stature Differences
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Summary Correlations for Church Attendance in the Virginia 30,000
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Summary Correlations for Stature and Church Attendance in the Virginia 30,000
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Conservatism: Components of Variation Men Women
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Summary Correlations for Conservatism in the Virginia 30,000
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Summary Correlations for Stature and Conservatism in the Virginia 30,000
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Church Attendance: Components of Variation
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Overview of Statistical Findings Measures differ in effects of G and E Environmental effects on attitudes etc much larger than on stature Men and women differ significantly for size of G and E Biggest environmental effects not shared by siblings Family environment largest for religious and political affiliation - much smaller for “religious control” and church attendance Genetic effects largest on aggregate conservatism and on liberalism and “religious control” clusters Large spousal correlations Some negative gene-environment correlation Developmental change in effects of genes and shared environment
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