1. Introducing Science (1)
Laptop should be present.
Textbook: New Science Discovery For Lower Secondary, Volume 1, 2nd Edition, Chapter A1 Introducing Science

2. What are we going to learn in this chapter?
What is Science?
Laboratory Dos and Don’ts
Learn the names and how to use common laboratory apparatus
How does the Bunsen burner work?
Lesson objectives to be stated.
Let the students search for the meaning of “apparatus”. If they do not know the answer they must search for the meaning.
To cultivate the practice: Anytime they do not understand a term they should seek the meaning themselves.
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF APPARATUS?
WHO INVENTED THE BUNSEN BURNER?

3. What is Science?
________ is the study of things in this world. People who are involved in studying the world are known as ________ . They ________ and interpret what they see/hear/ feel/sense through _______________.
Science
scientists
observe
Get a student or students to fill in the blanks.
scientific inquiry
Fill in the missing words: Scientists, Observe, Scientific Inquiry, Science

4. What is Science?
Science is the study of things in this world. Do you know all the following terms? Physics Chemistry Biology Zoology Agriculture Geology Botany Meteorology Seismology Histology Ornithology Ichthyology
Remind students: do not look at the spelling of the word for its meaning. Histology has nothing to do with history and ichthyology has nothing to do with itchiness.
Get students to search the meaning themselves.
Seismology – study on earthquakes
Histology – study on cells and tissues
Ornithology – study on birds
Ichthyology – study on fish
Search for the meaning of these branches of

5. What is Science? Main Branches of Science:
Physics: Study of interaction between forces and energy
What is the meaning of interaction?
Interaction – contact, mutual action, transfer of energy

6. What is Science?
Chemistry: Study of properties, composition and reactions of substances.
What is composition?
Composition – made up of, consist of

7. What is Science?
Biology: Study of structure, growth and function of living things.

8. What is Science?
Other Branches of Science: Zoology, Botany, Agriculture, Geology, Meteorology, Medicine, Epidemiology
Epidemiology – the study of the causes and distribution of diseases
Knowing the definition of branches of science helps students to have a better understanding for scientific articles and how science is related to us
National Education
What is epidemiology?
How did the study of epidemiology help in the containment of SARS (2003) and H1N1 (2009)?

9. FAMOUS SCIENTISTS PAST OR PRESENT??
What is Science?
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS PAST OR PRESENT??
John Dalton James Watson
Alexander Fleming Gregor Mendel
Stephen Chu Jane Goodall
PAST!! (1766 – 1844) Researched on atomic theory and colour blindness
PRESENT!! (Born 1928 ) Co-discover of the DNA structure
Which scientist above do you think has the most important contribution to mankind?
Assign one of the scientist above to a group and let the students to argue their case.
Atomic Theory (Dalton) – discovered that chemical elements are made up of single, unique atoms and they can combine to form chemical compounds.
**Do when there is time**
PAST!! (1881 – 1955) Discovered penicillin which evolved into modern day antibiotics
PAST!! (1822 – 1884) Researched on the inheritance of traits from genes
PRESENT!! (Born 1948) Research on nuclear energy as an alternative for fossil fuel. Also U.S. Secretary of Energy.
PRESENT!! (Born 1934) World’s foremost expert on chimpanzees

10. What is Science? ANYONE CAN BE A SCIENTIST!!!
TRAITS OF SUCCESSFUL SCIENTISTS
Curiosity – They want to find out things they do not understand.
Creative – They use different methods to achieve their aims.
Perseverance – They do not give up even if they fail with a certain method.
No scientist succeed on their first try. Perseverance is the key.

11. The Laboratory The laboratory is the workplace of scientists.
We will be performing our practical work in our own laboratories.
Some labs are small and simple and some have expensive machineries.
However, all laboratories follow some important rules.
Questions: Are all laboratories indoors? No, as long as the venue allows scientists to carry out his experiments in a controlled environment.
What are the different types of laboratories?
Medical laboratories, space laboratories, research laboratories, school laboratories

12. Rules in the Laboratory
DO OR DON’T???
Listen to given instructions carefully
Run in the laboratory
Wear safety goggles
Keep the laboratory neat and tidy
Taste the chemicals
Wash your hands after an experiment
Which of this should be done and which should not be done in the lab?
Point the flask towards your friend while heating the content inside
Pour leftover chemicals back into the containers

13. Rules in the LaboratoryDO
Listen to instructions before proceeding with the experiment.
Keep the laboratory benches clean and tidy.
Wear safety goggles.
Wash your hands after an experiment.

14. Rules in the Laboratory
DON’T
Run in the laboratory.
Taste the chemicals.
Point the flask towards your friend while heating the contents inside.
Pour leftover chemicals back into the containers.

15. Rules in the laboratory
Students tend to bring food back to classroom or lab and they must be strongly advised not to do so.
NEVER BRING FOOD OR EAT IN THE LAB ! ! !

16. Rules in the laboratory
Safety goggles are a must especially for students without spectacles.
ALWAYS WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES ! ! !

17. Rules in the laboratory
Safety goggles are a must especially for students without spectacles.
BE SAFE IN THE LABORATORY ! ! !

18. Hazard Warning Symbols
Hazard warning symbols are important because they tell you what to look out for in a hazardous environment.
Hazard warning symbols help to caution anyone using the laboratory about the type of dangers present. Therefore we must learn the symbols and what they represent.
Search for answer from the internet.
C4 is composition C4, 1.34 times more explosive than TNT, made of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, easily molded into other shapes when plastic additive added
TNT is Trinitrotoluene, yellow crystals
Toxic
Flammable
Explosive
What are the symbols for corrosive, radioactive, biohazardous and irritating/harmful substances?

19. Corrosive
Flammable
Explosive
Harmful
Irritant
Environmental hazard
biohazard
Radioactive
Toxic

20. Hazard Warning Symbols
What should we do when we encounter a flammable substance?
What would an irritant substance do to us?
Is it advisable to work long hours with a radioactive substance? Why?
Keep it away from open flames, store it in a non-combustible container.
It will cause redness and itchiness to our eyes and skin.
No. Because the substance will produce ionizing radiation which can cause cancer in human.

21. Laboratory Apparatus
Instruments and equipment used in the laboratory is termed as apparatus.
wire gauze
dropper
beaker
retort stand
tripod stand
Who is Bunsen? Robert Bunsen developed his prototype burner in 1854, published his results in 1857.
test-tube holder
test-tubes
test-tube rack
Bunsen burner

22. Laboratory Apparatus
Which apparatus can measure up to an accuracy of 0.1 cm3?
Why does the conical flask have a narrow neck?
What do we use to transfer chemical substances without spillage?
Why do you think the wire gauze is used other than the reason of supporting the apparatus during heating?
Burette
To prevent the solution from splashing out when it is being collected.
Funnel
It is to spread the heat evenly across the bottom of the heated apparatus.

23. The Bunsen Burner
The Bunsen burner is used in many processes where heating is required such as crystallization, distillation and testing of gases.
However, the use of the Bunsen burner is not as simple as it seems, there are several techniques to learn about using the Bunsen burner.

24. The Bunsen Burner Parts of a Bunsen Burner Barrel Collar Gas jet
Air-hole
Gas tap
Rubber tubing
Stand/base
Parts of a Bunsen Burner
Barrel
Collar
Gas jet
Another name for the barrel of the Bunsen burner is Chimney.
Air-hole
Gas tap
Rubber tubing
Stand/base

25. The Bunsen Burner Chimney/Barrel: Raises the flame to suitable height
Function of Each Part
Chimney/Barrel: Raises the flame to suitable height
Collar: To regulate the air-flow entering the burner
Air-hole: Allows air into the burner
Gas jet: Enables gas to rush out and draw in air
Base/Stand: Supports the burner
Gas tap: Control the gas flow
Another name for the barrel of the Bunsen burner is Chimney.

26. Types of Flames
Luminous Flame
Non-Luminous Flame
It is formed when the air-hole is open.
It is formed when the air-hole is closed

27. Non-luminous blue zone (Due to complete combustion of gas)
Appearance of Flames
Non-luminous blue zone
(Due to complete combustion of gas)
Luminous yellow zone
(Due to partial combustion of gas)
Blue zone (Unburnt gas)
Black soot produced
Luminous flame flickers and is highly visible.
Non-luminous flame is steady but has low visibility.
Explain colour of flame due to the partial or complete combustion of gas.
Black soot is produced due to incomplete combustion of gas.
Flickers, easily seen
Steady, not easily seen

28. Hottest zone is at the tip of the unburnt gas zone
The hottest part of the flame is at the tip of the unburnt gas zone represented by the inner blue core.

29. LUMINOUS NON-LUMINOUS Air-hole Closed Open Colour Yellow Blue
Description
Flickers and is easily seen
Steady and is not easily seen
Temperature
High (500oC)
Very high (900oC)
Produces Soot?
YES NO
Used for Heating?
Complete Combustion of Gas?

30. The Bunsen Burner Why do we not use the luminous flame for heating?
Why does the non-luminous flame appear blue?
Where is the hottest part of the non- luminous flame?
What happens during a strike-back and what should we do?
The luminous flame has a lower temperature than the non-luminous flame and produces black soot which stains the apparatus.
It is because there is complete combustion at the outer regions of the non-luminous flame.
It is at the tip of the unburnt gas zone.
There is a loud noise and a flame at the jet. We should turn off the gas tap immediately.