1. Bare plurals and indefinite determiners (in argument position) 14 Oct. 2008 | Bert Le Bruyn

2. Outline ● Assumptions about articles and bare nominals ● Spanish unos and the bare plural - challenge 1 - challenge 2 ● French des and the bare plural ● Conclusion () ()

3. Assumptions

4. Assumptions about articles Indefinite articles are used to set up referents in a conversational space. (de Swart & Zwarts 2007) Slightly more formally: Indefinite articles are grammatical devices that mark the introduction of a discourse referent. x boy(x) a boy

5. Assumptions about articles Indefinite articles are used to set up referents in a conversational space. (de Swart & Zwarts 2007) Slightly more formally: Indefinite articles are grammatical devices that mark the introduction of a discourse referent. x boy(x) a boy All D’s have this same ability but have extra semantic content.

6. Assumptions about articles All D’s have this same ability but have extra semantic content. Examples: - cardinality - specificity - partitivity -...

7. Assumptions about articles All D’s have this same ability but have extra semantic content. Examples: - cardinality - specificity - partitivity -... Two men came to see me. “Two men came to see me” “Two men of a predefined set of men came to see me” A man came to see me. “A man came to see me”

8. Assumptions about articles All D’s have this same ability but have extra semantic content. Examples: - cardinality - specificity - partitivity -... Test for partitivity Two students are sick. rationale stative properties can only be predicated of pre-introduced referents A student is sick.??

9. Assumptions about bare nominals Syntax bare singular [ NP book] bare plural [ NumP –s [ NP book]] Semantics bare singulars cannot introduce discourse referents bare plurals can introduce discourse referents via accommodation (in languages that do allow for bare singulars the presence of discourse referents is inferred) syntactic arguments have to have a corresponding discourse referent General

10. Spanish unos and the bare plural

11. CHALLENGE 1

12. Facts Spanish unos doesn’t allow for proportional readings. ?Unos estudiantes son abogados. unos students are lawyers Intended: ‘Some students are lawyers.’ ?UNOS estudiantes son abogados. UNOS students are lawyers Intended: ‘Some students are lawyers.’

13. Previous analyses Why is it that unos behaves in this way ? What is it that makes unos special compared to other determiners ?

14. Previous analyses Why is it that unos behaves in this way ? What is it that makes unos special compared to other determiners ? Martí 2007 Syntactic / semantic decomposition of indefinites - number - existential quantification - positive polarity - partitivity implicature unos algunos Claim: Alg- adds the partitivity implicature. Unos lacks alg- and therefore does not give rise to partitive readings.

15. Previous analyses Why is it that unos behaves in this way ? What is it that makes unos special compared to other determiners ? Martí 2007 Question that remains: Why is unos the only determiner that needs alg- to get a partitive reading ? Dos estudiantes son abogados. ok Algodos estudiantes son abogados. * -> Back to where we were...

16. Previous analyses Why is it that unos behaves in this way ? What is it that makes unos special compared to other determiners ?

17. My analysis Why is it that unos behaves in this way ? What is it that makes unos special compared to other determiners ? Unos is the default plural indefinite determiner in Spanish. Unos is the indefinite plural article in Spanish. -> in as far as indefinite articles are grammaticalized devices for introducing discourse referents they are not expected to give rise to partitive readings Parallel with the singular indefinite article: ? A student is a lawyer.

18. Argumentation -> in as far as indefinite articles are grammaticalized devices for introducing discourse referents they are not expected to give rise to partitive readings Can we show that unos underwent a grammaticalization process comparable to that of an indefinite article ? -> what does the grammaticalization process of an indefinite article look like ? -> what predictions does this make for unos ? -> are these predictions borne out ?

19. Prediction 1 1. The indefinite article loses part of its semantic content -> partitive reading possible One student came to see me. -> partitive reading impossible A student came to see me. Prediction: unos did allow for partitive readings in Early Spanish.

20. Prediction 1 (cont.) Prediction: unos did allow for partitive readings in Early Spanish. Following Gutiérrez-Rexach (2001) I assume non-partitive Ds cannot appear in the upstairs D position of (standard) partitives. Present day Spanish: ??? He visto a unos de los familiares de Pedro. have seen a some of the relatives of Pedro Intended: ‘I saw some of Pedro’s relatives.’ Early Spanish: E ellas yendo se, fueron unos de los guardadores a la ciudat. And they going went unos of the guards to the city ‘And while they were going, some of the guards went to the city.’ < manuscrito escurialense I.I.6. (between 1254 and 1270)

21. Prediction 1 (cont.) Two potential problems: - only 1 exampleIt might be an accident... - it’s a translationThe original text might have had some influence...

22. Prediction 1 (cont.) - only 1 exampleIt might be an accident... -> Are there any texts that contain more than one instance of unos de los ? YES Alfonso X General Estoria +/- 1270 Anonymous Manuscrito Escurialense +/- 1260 Casiodoro de Reina Biblia Reina-Valera +/- 1570 5 8 6 translations!

23. Prediction 1 (cont.) -> Can we safely assume that there is no real interference of the original text ? - it’s a translationThe original text might have had some influence... YES -> Compare examples to the source text Manuscrito EscurialenseVulgata Reina-ValeraTextus Receptus (Stephanus 1550)

27. Prediction 1 (cont.) Two potential problems: - only 1 exampleIt might be an accident... - it’s a translationThe original text might have had some influence... ()

28. Prediction 2 2. Important gain in frequency of the indefinite article

29. Prediction 2 (cont.) un uno una Corpus del Español, Mark Davies

30. Prediction 2 (cont.) Prediction: important gain in frequency for unos.

31. Prediction 2 (cont.) unos Prediction: important gain in frequency for unos. unas Corpus del Español, Mark Davies

32. Prediction 3 3. The indefinite article, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents (cf. Stark 2002, Blazer 1979).

33. Prediction 3 3. The indefinite article, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents (cf. Stark 2002, Blazer 1979). difficult notion ● implies a comparison bare nominals vs. nominals with the indefinite article ● how to decide on salience of a discourse referent ? objective criterion: is it picked up ?

34. Prediction 3 (cont.) 3. The indefinite article, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents (cf. Stark 2002, Blazer 1979). Corpus study: El Cid (late 12 th early 13 th century) verse 1-500 (approx. 3900 words) # bare singulars: approx. 150 # objects: approx. 31 -> compare singulars with and without ind. art. # singulars with indefinite article: approx. 20 # objects: approx. 6

35. Prediction 3 (cont.) objects in epitetha5 ‘fixed’ expressions dar salto ‘to attack’2 aver miedo ‘to be scared’1 aver menester ‘to need’1 aver gracia ‘to have grace’1 mass objects3 meter mano ‘to touch/grab’1 object of verb in subjuntivo3 object of verb in future4 object of verb in imperative3 object of infinitive following ‘want to’2 object in generalization1 others5 v. 41, 58, 78, 175, 439 v.30, 244 v.469 v.135 v.40 v.29, 345, 345 v.500 v.20, 192 v.249, 382, 386, 450 v.25, 273, 420 v.36, 194 v.126 v.125, 285, 333, 351, 428 Bare singulars

36. Prediction 3 (cont.) How many are referred back to ? #13%

37. Prediction 3 (cont.) Prediction: Unos, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents. How many are referred back to ? 466% Singulars with indefinite article

38. Prediction 3 (cont.) Corpus study: El Cid -> compare plurals with and without unos verse 1-500 (approx. 3900 words) # bare plurals: approx. 54 # objects: approx. 6 ? Prediction: Unos, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents. # plurals with unos: 0 # plurals with unos: 3 the whole of El Cid # objects: 2

39. Prediction 3 (preview) Prediction: Unos, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents. Corpus study: Amadís de Gaula 1482-1492 # plurals with unos: 57 The whole of Amadís de Gaula: # bare plurals : ?? Prologue, CH I-III # bare plurals : 6 in argument position

40. Prediction 3 (preview) Prediction: Unos, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents. Corpus study: Amadís de Gaula 1482-1492 Prologue, CH I-III # bare plurals : 6 in argument position How many are referred back to ? #116%

41. Prediction 3 (preview) Prediction: Unos, in the beginning of its grammaticalization process, is used to mark the introduction of salient discourse referents. Corpus study: Amadís de Gaula 1482-1492 # plurals with unos: 57 The whole of Amadís de Gaula: How many are referred back to ? #2239% not very convincing...

42. What went wrong ? unos paños8‘clothes’plurale tantum unos arboles18‘trees’locus amoenus 26 + only 2 out of these 26 got picked up topos in medieval literature If we eliminate those from our list... the percentage changes dramatically...... to 71 %

43. Intermediate summary Prediction: unos did allow for partitive readings in Early Spanish. Prediction: important gain in frequency for unos. un unos + + by 1569 unos had started losing part of its partitive potential (algunos had become far more frequent in partitives). + unos is parallel to the indefinite article in not allowing partitive readings Unos seems to function as a plural indefinite article. + we have reasons to believe unos was first used to introduce salient discourse referents

44. Intermediate summary Apparent problem: Spanish allows for bare plurals but not for bare singulars. Unos doesn’t seem to be the perfect match of the singular indefinite article. Empirical question: do bare plurals introduce discourse referents ?

45. CHALLENGE 2

46. Facts + previous analysis Al principio, Juan quería restaurar muebles, At_the beginning Juan wanted restore pieces_of_furniture pero terminó vendiéndolos. but ended_up selling_them ‘In the beginning, Juan wanted to restore pieces of furniture, but he ended up selling them.’ Claim by Laca (1996, 1999): bare plurals do not introduce standard discourse referents, only their descriptive content can be picked up.

47. More facts En la fabricación hubo problemas técnicos in the production there_were problems technical uno de ellos era la construcción de la torre. one of them was the construction of the tower ‘In the production there were technical problems, one of them was the construction of the tower.’ How to account for the tendency of bare plurals to not be picked up without stating that they don’t introduce discourse referents ?

48. My analysis bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are low in salience -> bare plurals are not the standard choice to introduce discourse referents -> they are only used to introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked in later discourse (for whatever reason) If this analysis makes sense it would: -> account for Laca’s intuition -> account for the facts -> leave for unos the role of indefinite plural article (being the standard default det to introduce DRs) CH 2 CH 1

49. My analysis Basic intuition Bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked up. similar intuition about Spanish bare plurals in Laca & Tasmowski (1994) similar intuition about Hindi bare singulars in Dayal (1992, 1999, 2004) -> interestingly both Laca and Dayal end up stating that no discourse referents are being introduced -> this does not account for the intuition

50. My analysis Basic intuition Bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked up. Centering Theory (i) Jeff helped Dick wash the car. Walker, Joshi & Prince (1998) Forward-Looking Centerall discourse entities evoked in an utterance Jeff, Dick, the car members are ranked according to discourse salience Jeff > Dick - the car (ii) He washed the windows.He = Jeff Preferred Centermember of FLC ranked highest

51. My analysis Basic intuition Bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked up. Centering Theory Walker, Joshi & Prince (1998) Forward-Looking Centermembers are ranked according to discourse salience How is discourse salience decided ? Subject > Object > Other (i) Jeff helped Dick wash the car. (ii) He washed the windows. Standard Addition acertain types of NPs/DPs can be independently marked for (a degree of) salience

52. My analysis Basic intuition Bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked up. Centering Theory Addition acertain types of NPs/DPs can be independently marked for (a degree of) salience (iii) I been on this one case now about eight months [...] indefinite-thisin 86% of the cases the referent it introduces is referred to again within a few clauses Addition bthis N comes with high salience

53. My analysis Basic intuition Bare plurals introduce discourse referents that are not likely to be picked up. Centering Theory Addition acertain types of NPs/DPs can be independently marked for (a degree of) salience Addition call normal DPs come with normal salience Addition dbare nominals come with low salience Addition bthis N comes with high salience

54. My analysis discourse entity 1 discourse entity 2 discourse entity 3... Grammatical Function unos this bare nominals Information Structure discourse entity 3 discourse entity 1 discourse entity 2... Forward-Looking Center (unranked) Forward-Looking Center (ranked)...

55. My analysis v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) v u John (v) apple (u) bought (v,u) v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) Juan compró unas manzanas. John bought this apple. Juan compró manzanas. John bought applesJohn bought UNOS apples

56. My analysis v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) v u John (v) apple (u) bought (v,u) v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) Juan compró unas manzanas. John bought this apple. Juan compró manzanas. John bought applesJohn bought UNOS apples

57. My analysis v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) v u John (v) apple (u) bought (v,u) v u Juan (v) plural (u) manzana (u) compró (v,u) Juan compró unas manzanas. John bought this apple. Juan compró manzanas. Does this make any solid predictions? John bought applesJohn bought UNOS apples

58. My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? Problem: There is variation in acceptability because judgements are affected by potentially different expectations people can have about the relevance of the entity referred to in the discourse. (Dayal 2004) -> Look for contexts that force or block discourse referents from being picked up. -> It’s in these contexts we should find clear contrasts between the bare plural and unos N.

59. My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? 1. Unos will be disallowed in non-salient positions the discourse referent corresponding to a DP occurring in a non-salient position cannot be picked up in subsequent discourse DEF

60. My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? object in scope of negation EX Checking prediction A la reunión no asistieron unos profesores. At the meeting NEG attended UNOS professors NEG < unos NEG > unos * 1. Unos will be disallowed in non-salient positions

61. the discourse referent corresponding to a DP occurring in a salient position is necessarily picked up in subsequent discourse DEF My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? 2. Bare plurals will be disallowed in ‘salient’ positions

62. My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? Contreras (1991), Olarrea (1996), Zagona (2002) Los estudiantes compramos un coche. The students bought-1pl. a car. [ IP pro[ IP Los estudiantes[ INFL compramos ][ VP t t un coche ] ] ] j jiik EX for Los estudiantes to have any meaning in this sentence pro has to take los estudiantes as an antecedent -> the Spanish preverbal subject position is a salient position to be felicitous the DR of Los estudiantes has to be picked up 2. Bare plurals will be disallowed in ‘salient’ positions

63. My analysis Does this make any solid predictions? Políticos han ocupado el palacio. * Checking prediction Politicians have occupied the palace. 2. Bare plurals will be disallowed in ‘salient’ positions

64. SUMMARY

65. Summary Challenge 1 Why does unos behave the way it does ? Challenge 2 How to account for the tendency of bare plurals to not be picked up without stating that they don’t introduce discourse referents ? It became an article What about the bare plural ? The bare plural is not the default way to introduce discourse referents. By appealing to the notion of discourse salience. diachronic synchronic

66. Summary (cont.) bird’s-eye-perspective Pre-SpanishModern Spanish bare singulars bare plurals sing. ind. article plur. ind. article bare singulars bare plurals difference is accounted for by my assumption that bare plural can and bare singulars cannot introduce discourse referents - number - existential quantification - positive polarity - partitivity implicature unos Martí (2007) Salient DRs introduced by:

67. A tentative analysis of the evolution of unos

68. EvolOT - assumptions: 1. bare nominals cannot give rise to partitive readings 2. the salience of bare nominals can be set to both “normal” and “low” 3. the salience of full DPs can never be set to “low” 4. algunos has a meaning component that cannot be expressed by unos nor by the bare plural

69. EvolOT bare plural unos algunos neutral, low salience neutral, normal salience proportional “algunos” /

70. EvolOT For each form/meaning pair: don’t link this form with this meaning - constraints

71. EvolOT # plural nouns- # plural determiners→ 64% # algunos / algunas determiner → 23% # unos / unas determiner → 13% 32 76 1211 321 380 1811 - initial frequencies Corpus del Español, Mark Davies /4

72. EvolOT # plural nouns- # plural determiners→ 64% # algunos / algunas determiner → 23% # unos / unas determiner → 13% 32 76 10 320 430 1610 4 0 - initial frequencies

73. French des

74. Research question * Jean mangea biscuit. (Fr.)Jean mangea un biscuit. (Fr.) John ate biscuitJohn ate a biscuit Jean mangea biscuits. (Fr.)Jean mangea des biscuits. (Fr) John ate biscuitsJohn ate DES biscuits * How is it possible that des took over all functions of the bare plural ?

75. Some appetizing facts Minnie wishes to talk to psychiatrists. NO: There are psychiatrists Minnie wishes to talk to. YES: Minnie wishes to talk to psychiatrists(no matter which). Minnie souhaite parler à des psychiatres. Minnie wishes talk to DES psychiatrists YES: There are psychiatrists Minnie wishes to talk to. YES: Minnie wishes to talk to psychiatrists (no matter which). A student is a lawyer. (Non-generic) Des étudiants sont des avocats. DES students are DES lawyers ??? Quelques étudiants sont des avocats. Some students are DES lawyers  DES N behaves as if it were a bare plural...

76. Proposal for des Faded partitives ?? Ex. of the booksThree Analyze des N as a bare partitive. A bare partitive is a partitive without upstairs determiner. Decomposition analysis of des: ‘partitive’ preposition de+ definite plural article les

77. What we know about bare partitives -> diachronic analyses (Blazer 1979, Englebert 1996, Carlier 200x) -> contrastive analysis look at similar constructions in French and other languages and see how they behave ADVANTAGE a ‘neutral’ view on what the semantics of des should be like PPs headed by a ‘partitive’ preposition, occurring in argument position and containing a definite determiner

78. What we know about bare partitives Dutch van die N ‘of those N’ (de Hoop et al. 1991, Oosterhof 2005a,b) French de ces ‘of those’ (Zribi-Hertz 2002, Roodenburg 2004) Italian di questi ‘of those’ ( Korzen 1998 ) Ik krijg nu altijd van die opmerkingen… I get now always of those remarks… Ci sono di questi stronzi. There are of these bastards On me fait toujours de ces remarques... People me make always of those remarks... PPs headed by a ‘partitive’ preposition, occurring in argument position and containing a definite determiner

79. What we know about bare partitives -> Occur felicitously in existential sentences. this has been taken to suggest that their downstairs DP is kind-referring (see e.g. Zamparelli 2002, 2005) -> Always take narrow scope. -> Don’t allow for partitive readings.

80. What we know about bare partitives Dutch van die N ‘of those N’ (de Hoop et al. 1991, Oosterhof 2005a,b) Er bestaan nog steeds van die ventjes. There exist yet still of those little_guys Minnie wil van die ventjes ontmoeten. Minnie wants_to of those little_guys meet NO: There are little guys (of this kind) Minnie wants to meet. YES: Minnie wants to meet little guys (of this kind) (no matter which). French de ces ‘of those’ (Zribi-Hertz 2002, Roodenburg 2004) Il existe de ces bonhommes. There exist of those little_guys Minnie veut rencontrer de ces bonhommes. Minnie wants_to meet of those little_guys NO: There are little guys (of this kind) Minnie wants to meet. YES: Minnie wants to meet little guys (of this kind) (no matter which).

81. What we know about bare partitives Italian di questi ‘of those’ ( Korzen 1998 ) Ci sono di questi stronzi. There are of these bastards Non abbiamo di questi libri. Not we_have of these books NO: There are books (of this kind) we don’t have. YES: We don’t have any books of this kind.

82. Bare partitives and des -> Occur felicitously in existential sentences. -> Always take narrow scope. -> Don’t allow for partitive readings. DES

83. Research question ‘instantiations of the kind books’ = ‘books’ -> de+les livres (Fr.) French developed a special plural indefinite article that is semantically equivalent to the bare plural. -> scope facts of bare partitives= scope facts of bare plurals How is it possible that des took over all functions of the bare plural ?

84. The End

85. References Literature Blazer, E.D., 1979, The historical development of articles in Old French, PhD dissertation, University of Texas │Contreras, H., 1991, “On the position of subjects”, in Perspectives on Phrase Structure, ed. Rothstein, S., New York: Academic Press │ Dayal, V., 1992, SALT II │ Dayal, V., 1992, SALT IX │ Dayal, V., 2004, L&P │ Delfitto D. & J. Schroten, 1991, Probus 3.│ Gutiérrez-Rexach, J., 2001, Probus 13. │ Hopper, P. & E. Traugott, 1993, Grammaticalization, CUP. │ Laca, B., 1996, ‘Acerca de la semántica de los plurales escuetos del español, Madrid: Espasa Calpe. │ Laca & Tasmowski 1994, Lingvisticae Investigationes 18. │ Martí, L., 2007, Natural Language Semantics [online first] │ Olarrea, A., 1996, Pre- and Postverbal Subject Positions in Spanish, PhD dissertation, University of Washington │ Stark, E., 2002, Journal of Semantics 19. │ Swart, H. de & J. Zwarts, 2007, Lingua. │ Prince, E., 1981, “On the inferencing of indefinite-this NPs”. │ Villalta, E., 1994, Plural indefinites in Spanish and distributivity [unpublished manuscript]. │ Walker, Joshi & Prince (1998), Centering Theory in Discourse, OUP. │ Zagona, K., 2002, The syntax of Spanish, CUP. Corpora http://corpus.rae.es/cordenet.html http://www.biblegateway.com http://www.corpusdelespanol.org