1. Aquatic habitats

2. warmwatercool water cold water LOTIC benthicdarters, dace, sculpin, darters sculpin stonerollers, bullhead water bluegill, esocidsyellow perch trout, salmon column smallmouth bass, fallfish, channel cats LENTIC benthicdacesculpin, darters burbot, sculpin demersalbass, centrarchidsyellow perch pelagicwalleyeclupeids salmonids, coregonids, lamprey Freshwater environments

3. Estuarine environments

4. Estuarine environment - challenging 1. Freshwater; usually temporary residents 2. Diadromous a. Found in large numbers as they travel through estuary b. Staging area (before moving upstream) e.g. salmon c. Nursery (e.g. shad) 3. True residents (entire life cycle in estuary) Few species in this category, e.g. white perch 4. Non-dependent marine Commonly found in lower reaches of estuary e.g. sculpins, flounders, surfperch 5. Dependent marine (a least 1 life-cycle stage) Spawning grounds or nurseries or feeding grounds for adults

5. Intertidal environment – very harsh Crashing surf Strong currents/tides Daily exposure to air But, great spatial heterogeneity, abundance of food

6. Intertidal (littoral) environment Residential status of the ichthyofauna: 1. True residents: (dominant) e.g. sculpins, blennies, clingfishes, gobies, gunnels 2. Partial residents (juveniles): (dominant) e.g. blennies, surfperches, labrids, some cottids, pholids 3. Tidal (= feeders) many species 4. Seasonal (= spawners) few species

7. Neritic zone (to ~200 m) Neritic zone

8. terratogenic sources of nutrients within the photic zone, highly productive energy from waves, tides, for mixing coral reefs, kelp forests highly complex physical habitat, diverse physical niches highly speciose - about 40% of fish fauna - 6000-8000 spp many species, few members, mostly small many specialized adaptations, particularly for feeding continental shelf area out to 200 m deep - average 700 km wide mud/silt substrate, not complex, little structural complexity mostly ground feeders - gadids, pleuronectids few species, very abundant, mostly large (up to 1m)

9. (euphotic) (disphotic) (aphotic) Depth (m)

10. closed ~ 3.7 mya saline, cold hot

11. 23°C 2.5°C 14°C 2.5°C

13. 225 MYA 180 MYA 130 MYA 70 MYA

14. Barriers to marine dispersal continental drift – separated continental shelf areas continents – absolute barriers isthmus of Panama, Suez, closed ~ 3.7mya submerged geographic features – mountains, sills temperature – tropics vs. temperate, currents salinity barriers – polar regions

15. Freshwater fishes Paleozoic MYA Cambrian570 Ordovician505first fishes Silurian 38 Devonian408placoderms; age of fishes Carboniferous360hagfishes and lampreys Permian286 Mesozoic Triassic245 Pangea convergence – paddlefish, sturgeon Jurassic208Pangea split bowfins, gars, lungishes Cretaceous144 Esocidae, Umbridae, Salmonidae Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene65Cyrpinidae, Percidae, Catasomidae Eocene58Centrarchidae, Ictaluridae, Oligocene38 Miocene24 Pliocene 5 Quaternary Pleistocene 1.8period of glaciation Recent

16. 225 MYA 180 MYA 130 MYA 70 MYA Freshwater fishes

17. no FW fishes Holarctic 950 spp 2200 250 1500-3000 1800 230 Ethiopian

18. Native ichthyofauna: Atlantic salmon European eel Sea lamprey Brown trout Sturgeon Shad

19. Six ichthyofaunal groups based on origin (Gilbert, 1976): Eurasian Esocidae, Umbridae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Percidae North American (endemics) Ictaluridae, Centrarchidae, Goodeidae, Amblyopsidae, Hiodontidae, Percopsidae, Aphredoderidae Marine origin Cottidae, Sciaenidae, Atherinidae, Cyprinodontidae, Petromyzontidae, Anguillidae Central American Poeciliidae South American Characidae, Pimelodidae, Cichlidae Archaic Old-World (Laurasian) Amiidae, Lepisosteidae, Polyodontidae, Acipenseridae