1. Oracle Database Administration
Session 14
Product Review
Course Review

2. Product Review
DataGuard
Streams
RAC
Partitioning

3. DataGuard
Dataguard is an Oracle technology used for data protection, High Availability and Disaster Recovery
It requires one primary database and you may have up to 9 standby databases
The standby databases can be physically located anywhere, as long as they have a connection to the primary. The primary and standby can be on the same server
DataGuard technology ships with the Oracle database and is available automatically after installation

4. DataGuard
A standby database is a consistent copy of the primary database
It is initially created from a backup copy of the primary database; the backup copy may be hot or cold
DataGuard processes maintain the standby database by applying redo data from the primary to it
Dataguard uses managed recovery or logminer technology depending upon the type of standby you have

5. DataGuard
The standby database can be a physical standby or a logical standby
A physical standby is an identical copy of the primary database – down to the block level
A physical standby database is not open for access – it remains in a mounted state (except in 11g you can have an Active Physical Standby database)

6. DataGuard
A logical standby has the same logical data as the primary, but its physical structures can be different – it can contain schemas not in the primary
A logical standby is open for read access to the “guarded” schemas and read/write access to other schemas
Non System schemas from the primary are “guarded” in the standby – i.e. they are the schemas in the standby updated by DataGuard processes

7. See complete document on the course website - data_guard.pdf

8. DataGuard Requirements
Each server in a DataGuard configuration must be running the same OS
Each server should have the same number of CPUs
Each server should have the same physical memory size
Each must run the same Oracle release (i.e. 10g, 11g) although patch set may be different
Each server should have the same number and size of database file systems

9. DataGuard - Configuration
Both the primary and the standby databases are configured for DataGuard using init.ora parameters
To update the standby with changes from the primary, log writer transfers archive logs to the standby
What happens to the archive logs on the standby depends on whether the standby is physical or logical
In addition, standby redo logs are configured on the standby database allowing simultaneous writing of redo from the primary to the standby – this allows for real time updates on a physical standby

10. DataGuard – Physical Standby
A physical standby runs in what is called “managed recovery” mode
As archive logs arrive on the standby server in a directory designated in the standby init.ora file, the rec0 process applies the archive logs to the standby just as if the database were being recovered using the recover command

11. See complete document on the course website - data_guard.pdf

12. DataGuard – Logical Standby
A logical standby runs in what is called “sql apply” mode
As archive logs arrive on the standby server logminer processes convert the contents of the archive logs to sql statements which are applied to the standby database
Logical standby is transactionally consistent with the primary

13. See complete document on the course website - data_guard.pdf

14. DataGuard – Physical and Logical

15. Physical Standby Logical Standby DataGuard – Physical and Logical
Database is always in mounted state and cannot be used for any other purposes
Archive logs are applied in managed recovery mode
Physical Standby is exact copy of the primary database
Physical organization and structure exact same as primary
Logical Standby
Database is always open
Logical standby can be used for read access on schemas coming over from primary and read/write access on other schemas local only to standby
Dml/ddl statements are generated from archivelogs by LogMiner and applied to standby database
Logical Standby is not an exact copy of the primary but is a transactionally consistent copy of the primary

16. Oracle Streams Oracle Streams enables information sharing.
Streams propagates information within a database or from one database to another.
Capture
Capture
Staging
Consumption

17. Streams Streams is an Oracle technology to share information
Each UNIT of information is called a message
These Messages are transferred through a Stream
The Stream can move data within a database or between databases

18. Streams Streams Capture, Stage and Apply messages It can apply
data manipulation language (DML) changes
data definition language (DDL) changes

19. Overview of Streams Schema-A Schema-A Db-Link Db-Link Schema-A
Capture queue
Capture process
Propagation processes
Apply queue
Apply process
Source database
One or more target databases
Schema-A
Schema-A
Db-Link
Schema-A
Db-Link
All the DML and DDL changes on schema 'A' reflect on both target databases.

20. Streams Capture and Apply
Replication Configuration

21. Logical Change Record (LCR)

22. Downstream Capture

23. Oracle RAC Oracle RAC extends the Oracle Database
So that you can store, update, and retrieve data from multiple instances on different servers, at the same time
The RAC software allows the servers to work together as a cluster.

24. Oracle RAC
The files that make up the database must be on shared storage that is available to all servers in the cluster
Each server in the cluster must run the Oracle RAC software

25. Oracle RAC
The Oracle RAC infrastructure is a large component of implementing an Oracle enterprise grid computing architecture
It is also part of any High Availability (HA) solution

26. Single Instance vs. RAC

27. RAC Databases
All Single Instance Oracle databases have a one-to-one relationship between datafiles and the instance.
Oracle RAC environments have a one-to-many relationship between datafiles and instances.
Using Oracle RAC, multi-server cluster database instances form a single (virtual) database.
The instances are on different servers (or nodes)

28. RAC Databases
Each database instance in the cluster uses its own memory structures and background processes
Oracle RAC uses Cache Fusion to synchronize the data stored in the buffer cache of each cluster database instance

29. RAC Hardware Architecture

30. RAC Technology Layers

31. RAC Setup Order

32. RAC Technology Layers

33. 10g RAC Architecture

34. Cluster Interconnect

36. Partitioning
Partitioned tables allow your data to be broken down into smaller, more manageable pieces called partitions, or even subpartitions.
Indexes can be partitioned in similar fashion.
Each partition is stored in its own segment and can be managed individually.

37. Partitioning There are a number partitioning methods
Range partitioning is based on ranges of column values.
Hash partitioning provides a method of evenly distributing data across a specified number of partitions.
List partitioning gives explicit control over how rows map to partitions.

38. Partitioning More partitioning methods
Composite range-hash partitioning gives a subpartition option
Composite range-list partitioning gives another subpartition option

39. General Course Review Setup the Server Create dba Group
Create oracle user
Create a profile for the Oracle user
Add all variables that are needed
Install the software

40. Installation Oracle 10gR2 Enterprise Edition for Solaris
Set the DISPLAY variable
Java based installer
./runinstaller

41. Database Creation OFA standard The /admin directory tree
mkdir udump cdump bdump pfile create
mkdir arch export

42. Database Creation Create a database
Build the scripts, with the tablespaces
Ensure that /u*/oradata/<SID>/ directories exist

43. Database Creation
Build the database to the requirements of your application
What tablespaces are needed
How many rollback segments (automatic UNDO)
How many redo log groups
How many members in each redo log group

44. Database Creation
Do you need a special database user to hold the objects for your application
Do other users need accounts to access the application
What privileges do these uses need
Should we create roles

45. Database Creation Use a script to create your database objects
Make sure all tables and indexes have storage parameters, Use ASSM
What level of activity will occur on each table or function (group of tables)
What is the projected growth rate
If you do not have good information to understand the growth, make an educated guess

46. Database Creation Growth rate will affect the storage parameters
Set the PCTFREE to at least 30 on very active tables, if used
Set the PCTUSED to 60 on those tables, if used
Increase the freelist value from 1 to 3, 4 or 5, on tables that will be accessed by concurrent users, if not using ASSM

47. Post Creation Activities
Setup the TNS listener
Add the database to the tnsnames.ora file
Test access to the database through sql*net
Look into the use of LDAP, Oracle Internet Directory

48. Post Creation Activities
Develop a backup strategy
Offline
Online (hot)
When
How oven
Backup the database
Test database recovery
Do we take an export of the database ?

49. Post Creation Activities
Develop scripts to shutdown and startup the database
Automate this process
User crontab or some other scheduler
Man crontab for more information

50. Post Creation Activities
Build a script to document the database
It can also be used for a basic level of performance monitoring
Look at the number of extents used by an object
What tablespaces are your users using

51. Performance Run AWR reports on a regular basis
Look at your tables and indexes to see if the storage parameters are still correct
Have a schedule to rebuild your indexes
Gather statistics for your database on a regular basis, to be able to take advantage of the cost based optimizer

52. Performance Examine the top 10 SQL statements
Where are the resource hogs
Set performance goals
Design performance goals into the initial plans

53. Performance Develop a practice of examining your database(s)
Choose some tools and get familiar with their use
Use TOP to get a quick snapshot of your system

54. Security Regulations Encrypt specific data Secure the Network
Monitor the Network
Top 10 list

55. Security
Access Control Methods
Who
What
Audit Access and Data
When

56. Things to Do
Oracle support CSI Number Create metalink account Research methods Documentation Technet.oracle.com dbdomain.com

57. Documentation Reference
Oracle Documentation CDs (Various CDs)
Neimeic, Richard, Oracle Performance Tuning – Tips and Techniques
Alomari, Ahmed, Oracle & UNIX Performance Tuning, Prentice Hall.
Aronoff, Eyal, et. al., Advanced Oracle Tuning and Administration, Oracle Press.

58. The Final Exam Similar to the mid-term
Some descriptive and some multiple choice questions
300 points total