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Foundations in Microbiology
PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Fifth Edition Talaro Chapter 4 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea
Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea Chapter 4
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Fig. 4.1
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flagella 3 parts rotates 360o 1-2 or many distributed over entire cell
filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of proteins hook- curved sheath basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall rotates 360o 1-2 or many distributed over entire cell functions in motility
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Fig 4.2b
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Flagellar arrangements
monotrichous – single flagellum at one end lophotrichous – small bunches arising from one end of cell amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface of cell, slowest
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Fig 4.5
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Chemotaxis Fig 4.6
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axial filaments periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes motility
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Fig 4.7a b
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fimbrae fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface
function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
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pili rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
found only in Gram negative cells Functions joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation) adhesion
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Conjugation
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glycocalyx Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins 2 types capsule - highly organized, tightly attached slime layer - loosely organized and attached functions attachment inhibits killing by white blood cells receptor
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Fig 4.10
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2 Types of Glycocalyx
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Biofilms
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Peptidoglycan unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure
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Peptidoglycan
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4 groups based on cell wall composition
Gram positive cells Gram negative cells Bacteria without cell walls Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls
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Gram positive Gram negative
Fig 4.16
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Gram positive cell wall
Consists of a thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan nm thick tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, including teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid cell membrane Retain crystal violet and stain purple
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Gram positive wall
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Gram negative cell wall
Consists of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) thin shell of peptidoglycan periplasmic space inner membrane Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain
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Gram negative cell wall
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Cytoplasm dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, & salts
70-80% water serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions
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Chromosome single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
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plasmids small circular, double-stranded DNA
free or integrated into the chromosome duplicated and passed on to offspring not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes & toxins used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated & transferred from cell to cell
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ribosomes made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40% protein
consist of 2 subunits: large & small procaryotic differ from eucaryotic ribosomes in size & number of proteins site of protein synthesis All cells have ribosomes.
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ribosomes
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Inclusions, granules intracellular storage bodies
vary in size, number & content bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted Examples: glycogen, poly-b-hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and polyphosphate granules
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Inclusions
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endospores sporulation -formation of endospores
Resting, dormant cells produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium, Bacillus & Sporosarcina Have a 2-phase life cycle – vegetative cell & an endospore sporulation -formation of endospores germination- return to vegetative growth hardiest of all life forms withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation & chemicals not a means of reproduction
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endospores resistance linked to high levels of calcium & dipicolinic acid dehydrated, metabolically inactive thick coat longevity verges on immortality 25, 250 million years. pressurized steam at 120oC for minutes will destroy.
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endospores
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3 shapes of bacteria cocci - spherical bacilli - rod
spiral - helical, comma, twisted rod, spirochete
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Methods in bacterial identification
Microscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance Physiological / biochemical characteristics Chemical analysis Serological analysis Genetic & molecular analysis G + C base composition DNA analysis using genetic probes Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis
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Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria per Bergey’s manual
Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits
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species –a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety – a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type – a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).
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Procaryotes with unusual characteristics
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Rickettsias very tiny, gram-negative bacteria
most are pathogens that alternate between mammals and fleas, lice or ticks obligate intracellular pathogens cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell cannot carry out metabolism on their own Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia prowazekii – epidemic typhus Coxiella burnetti – Q fever
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Chlamydias tiny obligate intracellular parasites
not transmitted by arthropods Chlamydia trachomatis – severe eye infection and one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases Chlamydia psittaci – ornithosis, parrot fever Chlamydia pneumoniae – lung infections
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Mycoplasmas naturally lack a cell wall
stabilized by sterols, resistant to lysis extremely small range in shape from filamentous to coccus or doughnut shaped Mycoplasma pneumoniae – atypical pneumonia in humans
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Free-living nonpathogenic bacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria Green & purple sulfur bacteria Gliding, fruiting bacteria Appendaged bacteria produce an extended process of the cell wall in form of a bud, stalk or long thread
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Archaea: the other procaryotes
constitute third Domain Archaea seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction live in the most extreme habitats in nature, extremophiles adapted to heat salt acid pH, pressure & atmosphere includes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers
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