1. NDACC Water Vapor Workshop, 5 July 2006 Holger Vömel Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Water vapor observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

2. Acknowledgements Rigel Kivi, FMI, Sodankylä, Finland Steve Ryan, John Barnes, MLO, Hilo, HI Beatrice Morel, University La Reunion Masato Shiotani, Kyoto University Fumio Hasebe, Masatomo Fujiwara, Hokkaido University Students of the Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica David Whiteman, NASA/GFSC Larry Miloshevich, NCAR Mario Agama, Jaime Cornejo, Francisco Paredes, INAMHI NASA for their support

3. Overview Frost pointFrost point Lyman-αLyman-α TDLTDL SummarySummary

4. Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) Microprocessor control Microprocessor control Vertical Range: surface to ~28 km (surface to ~25 km on ascent) Vertical Range: surface to ~28 km (surface to ~25 km on ascent) Uncertainty: troposphere: > 4% MR stratosphere: ~ 9 % Uncertainty: troposphere: > 4% MR stratosphere: ~ 9 % Phase sensitive detector: electronic sunlight filter Phase sensitive detector: electronic sunlight filter No liquid/ice ambiguity No liquid/ice ambiguity Weight: ~ 400 gr Weight: ~ 400 gr Currently interfaced with ECC ozone sonde and Vaisala RS80 Currently interfaced with ECC ozone sonde and Vaisala RS80 Based on NOAA/CMDL frost point hygrometer Based on NOAA/CMDL frost point hygrometer 162 soundings 162 soundings Detector IR LED μ Controller Cryogen Air flow Lens Mirror Heater Frost layer Thermistor

5. Sounding overview 2003-2006 Bandung, Indonesia: 8Bandung, Indonesia: 8 Beltsville, MD 1Beltsville, MD 1 Biak, Indonesia: 9Biak, Indonesia: 9 Boulder, CO: 35Boulder, CO: 35 Heredia, Costa Rica: 60Heredia, Costa Rica: 60 Hilo, HI: 13Hilo, HI: 13 St. Denis, La Reunion: 11St. Denis, La Reunion: 11 Midland, TX: 1Midland, TX: 1 ARM/CART, Oklahoma: 12ARM/CART, Oklahoma: 12 San Cristobal, Galapagos: 9San Cristobal, Galapagos: 9 Sodankylä, Finland: 12Sodankylä, Finland: 12 Tarawa, Kiribati: 2Tarawa, Kiribati: 2 Total (June 2006): 172

6. Tropical CFH observations Cold tropopause season: Costa Rica January/February 2006 30 CFH/ECC soundings Biak, Indonesia, January 2006 9 CFH/ECC soundings Bandung, Indonesia, Dec 2004, Dec 2005 8 CFH/ECC soundings

7. Water vapor mixing ratio Ticosonde 2006, Jan 4 – Mar 4, 2006

8. Water vapor mixing ratio Biak, Indonesia, Jan 8-14, 2006

9. Tropopause relative humidity (ice) Biak, Indonesia, Jan 8-16, 2006 12 January 14 January

10. Wave related dehydration: Double tropopause Biak, Indonesia, Jan 8-14, 2006

11. Extreme dehydration Biak, Indonesia, Jan 8-14, 2006

12. RH(ice) & lidar backscatter ratio Bandung, Indonesia, Dec 15, 2004

13. Instrument validations RS92 humidityRS92 humidity  AURA / MLS water vapor JPL TDLJPL TDL Harvard Lyman-alphaHarvard Lyman-alpha

14. Ticosonde 2005, July 8-24, 2005 AURA MLS vs CFH

15. Ticosonde/CR-AVE 2006, 28 Nov 2005 – 2 Mar 2006 AURA MLS vs CFH

16. CFH Advantages Measurement based on simple physicsMeasurement based on simple physics Measurement not calibrated for water vapor, but rather for temperature (assume vapor pressure equation is correct)Measurement not calibrated for water vapor, but rather for temperature (assume vapor pressure equation is correct) Extremely large dynamic rangeExtremely large dynamic range Long history for technologyLong history for technology Can be deployed easily at existing sounding sitesCan be deployed easily at existing sounding sites

17. CFH Limitations Instrument may fail completely in “thick” liquid cloudsInstrument may fail completely in “thick” liquid clouds High costHigh cost Availability of cryogenAvailability of cryogen Instrument needs minor preparationInstrument needs minor preparation Data product needs understanding of instrumentData product needs understanding of instrument

18. FLASH - Lyman-α Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer (FLASH) Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer (FLASH) Vertical Range: upper troposphere to stratosphere (0.5 to 500 ppmv) Vertical Range: upper troposphere to stratosphere (0.5 to 500 ppmv) Calibrated against reference frost point Calibrated against reference frost point Uncertainty: 9% MR Uncertainty: 9% MR Night time (descent) only Night time (descent) only Weight: ~ 1 kg Weight: ~ 1 kg Currently interfaced Vaisala RS80 Currently interfaced Vaisala RS80 45 soundings 45 soundings

19. FLASH - Lyman-α

21. FLASH Advantages Calibrated against frost point standardCalibrated against frost point standard High measurement precisionHigh measurement precision Very fast sensorVery fast sensor Largely insensitive to cloudsLargely insensitive to clouds Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)

22. FLASH Limitations Instrument measures properly on descentInstrument measures properly on descent Can only measure during night timeCan only measure during night time Full moon limits data rangeFull moon limits data range High costHigh cost Measurement range : 0.5 to 500 ppmvMeasurement range : 0.5 to 500 ppmv Currently can’t check calibration in the fieldCurrently can’t check calibration in the field

23. MayComm TDL Tunable Diode Laser Tunable Diode Laser Vertical Range: mid troposphere to stratosphere Vertical Range: mid troposphere to stratosphere Calibrated against reference frost point Calibrated against reference frost point Uncertainty: 5% MR or 0.5 ppmv Uncertainty: 5% MR or 0.5 ppmv Payload weight: ~ 1 kg Payload weight: ~ 1 kg

24. MayComm TDL Costa Rica January/February 2006 5 TDL soundings

25. MayComm TDL vs CFH Costa Rica January/February 2006 13 CFH soundings

26. MayComm TDL – CFH comparison

27. MayComm TDL Variability TDL CFH

28. MayComm TDL Advantages High measurement precisionHigh measurement precision Very fast sensorVery fast sensor Insensitive to cloudsInsensitive to clouds Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios) Easy to useEasy to use

29. MayComm TDL Limitations Prototype onlyPrototype only High costHigh cost No lower troposphere (Can extend to surface with second path)No lower troposphere (Can extend to surface with second path) No stable interface/telemetry system yetNo stable interface/telemetry system yet

30. Claimed accuracy CalibrationLimitations Dynamic range HistoryCost Ease of use Engineering status CFH 0.5°C DP/FP 4-9% ++No "wet" clouds ++ + - (o)o research / small series Snow White 0.1°C DP/FP + Some clouds RH > 3-6% No stratosphere o +o ++ production small series Lyman-alpha (FLASH) 9% (20% below 2 ppmv) + Night time only Descent only No lower troposphere +o -- + research / small series TDL (MayComm) 5% 0.5 ppmv o? + - --(++) Proof of concept Polymer (Vaisala RS92) 1% RH - No stratosphere Large radiation error Chemical contamination Very hard to trace sensor/calibration changes - + ++ + (++) Large scale production

31. Questions?

32. Instrument validations RS92 humidityRS92 humidity AURA / MLS water vaporAURA / MLS water vapor  JPL TDL Harvard Lyman-alphaHarvard Lyman-alpha

33. Ticosonde/CR-AVE 2006, 14 Jan 2006 – 10 Feb 2006 JPL TDL vs CFH

34. Instrument validations RS92 humidityRS92 humidity AURA / MLS water vaporAURA / MLS water vapor JPL TDLJPL TDL  Harvard Lyman-alpha

35. Ticosonde/CR-AVE 2006, 14 Jan 2006 – 10 Feb 2006 Harvard Lyman-α vs CFH

36. Acknowledgements Rigel Kivi, FMI, Sodankylä, Finland Steve Ryan, John Barnes, MLO, Hilo, HI Beatrice Morel, University La Reunion Masato Shiotani, Kyoto University Fumio Hasebe, Masatomo Fujiwara, Hokkaido University Students of the Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica David Whiteman, NASA/GFSC Larry Miloshevich, NCAR Mario Agama, Jaime Cornejo, Francisco Paredes, INAMHI NASA for their support