1. Todays lecture Historical sensibilities I: The issue of change Historical sensibilities I: The issue of change Historical sensibilities II: The issue of social, political and cultural factors Historical sensibilities II: The issue of social, political and cultural factors Sociological sensibilities: The issue of how science works Sociological sensibilities: The issue of how science works

2. History of science and ideas Founded in 1936 Founded in 1936 Presented as an answer to the problem of the two cultures in the 1950s and 1960s Presented as an answer to the problem of the two cultures in the 1950s and 1960s Today oriented towards new questions of how to understand science on different levelss Today oriented towards new questions of how to understand science on different levelss

3. Historical sensibilities I: The issue of change The scientific revolution: The scientific revolution: - Coherent event in the 17th century - Coherent event in the 17th century - Mechanization of the universe - Mechanization of the universe - Challenge against aristotelian philosophy - Challenge against aristotelian philosophy - Optimism of the possibilities of obtaining knowledge - Optimism of the possibilities of obtaining knowledge - Modern empiricism, ideas about scientific methods - Modern empiricism, ideas about scientific methods

4. Historical sensibilities I: The issue of change Thomas Kuhn Thomas Kuhn - Normal science in paradigms - Anomalies occur, constitutes a crisis for the paradigm - A scientific revolution has occured - Different paradigms are incommensurable, cannot communicate

5. Historical sensibilities II – social, political, cultural and organisational factors

6. Historical sensibilities II: Twentieth century genetics The political roots of science The political roots of science The importance of organisational forms – big science means certain questions The importance of organisational forms – big science means certain questions The importance of predictions of future science – takes on cultural forms. The importance of predictions of future science – takes on cultural forms.

7. Historical sensibilities II: Science and society Natural sciences gained more resources during the 20th century Natural sciences gained more resources during the 20th century Allocation of resources from national, political and economic resources Allocation of resources from national, political and economic resources Science under governmental planning: science could produce technological progress Science under governmental planning: science could produce technological progress A new class of professional experts A new class of professional experts Science became visible in the cultural debate Science became visible in the cultural debate

8. Historical sensibilities II: Some institutional aspects The bonds between science and society got stronger The bonds between science and society got stronger Scientific professionals replaced amateurs Scientific professionals replaced amateurs Professional associations, journals, meetings, standardized education Professional associations, journals, meetings, standardized education New disciplines: geology, biology, physiology New disciplines: geology, biology, physiology A rapid industrialisation and urbanisation A rapid industrialisation and urbanisation Modern national states Modern national states A national science policy in the 1930s A national science policy in the 1930s

9. Historical sensibilities II: Science and society - summary Society gained influence over science and science gained influence over society Society gained influence over science and science gained influence over society The overarching argument was that science was a productive force The overarching argument was that science was a productive force Scientific institutionalisation was a product of the modern national states Scientific institutionalisation was a product of the modern national states

10. Sociological sensibilities: The issue of how science works

11. Common roots and features in Science and Technology Studies The protest movements of the 1960s The protest movements of the 1960s Constructivism Constructivism Critique of linear models and of technological determinism Critique of linear models and of technological determinism

12. The flaws of technological determinism ¤ A bad model for historic change: disregards a lot of important things. ¤ Isolates technology from human actions ¤ Misrepresents the relationship between science and technology ¤ Misrepresents the relationship between technology and industry

13. General themes in Science and Technology Studies Critical view of what is being studied Critical view of what is being studied Assumes a position outside of science and sees it as an activity among others Assumes a position outside of science and sees it as an activity among others Denies the isolation of science and technology from each other – speaks of a seamless web Denies the isolation of science and technology from each other – speaks of a seamless web Guided by a willingness to place science and technology in a broader social and historical context Guided by a willingness to place science and technology in a broader social and historical context

14. Sociology of science Social processes explain phenomena Social processes explain phenomena Why social groups hold scientific beliefs Why social groups hold scientific beliefs Studies controversies Studies controversies Does not study psychological processes, genious or ”right” or ”wrong” Does not study psychological processes, genious or ”right” or ”wrong”

15. The Golem Discusses how normal science evolves through uncertainties and controversies Discusses how normal science evolves through uncertainties and controversies Sociological in scope: human action, interaction and negotiations Sociological in scope: human action, interaction and negotiations Messiness of experiments – experimenters regress Messiness of experiments – experimenters regress Controversies die away quietly Controversies die away quietly