1. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #1 The AS-AD Model Determination of Output in the short-run and medium-run Requires equilibrium in the goods, financial, and labor markets Aggregate supply focuses on equilibrium in the labor market Aggregate demand focuses on equilibrium in the goods and financial markets

2. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #2 The Determination of Aggregate Supply Aggregate Supply Recall: The nominal wage (W) = P e F(u,z) Price level (P) = (1+  )W So P = P e (1+  ) F (u,z)

3. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #3 Since Aggregate Supply

4. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #4 Aggregate Supply-The price level as a function of output 1.A higher expected price level leads to a higher actual price level. 2.An increase in output leads to an increase in the price level.

5. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #5 Aggregate Supply Higher P e  higher P P e  W  since W=P e F(u,z) W  P  since P=(1+µ)W Higher Output  higher P Y  N  u  W  P  since P=(1+u)W

6. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #6 AS Aggregate Supply Output, Y Price Level, P YnYn PePe Graphically : P > P e P < P e A Two characteristics : 1. Given P e an increase in Y increases P 2. At A: Y = Yn & P = P e Observation: Y > Y n then P > P e Y < Y n then P < P e

7. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #7 AS´ (P e´ > P e ) AS (P e ) Output, Y Price Level, P YnYn PePe A Aggregate Supply P e´ A´ Observation : Given Y n : changes in P e shift the AS curve Illustrating the impact of an increase in P e

8. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #8 Aggregate Demand Goods Market (IS): Financial Market (LM):

9. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #9 LM´ (P´ > P) LM (P) Output, Y Interest Rate, i IS Y i A Initial Equilibrium Aggregate Demand IS – LM Equilibrium A´ i´ Y´ falls to LM shifts to LM´ (P ´ > P) Equilibrium to A´ i to i´ & Y to Y´ Assume P increases to P´ & M is fixed

10. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #10 LM (P) IS Y i Interest Rate, i Output, Y Interest Rate, i Output, Y A AD Aggregate Demand Y A P LM´ (P´ > P) A´ P´ Y´ Deriving Aggregate Demand (AD) Y´ i´ A´

11. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #11 LM (P) IS Y i Interest Rate, i Output, Y AD Y Interest Rate, i Output, Y P A A IS´AD´ Aggregate Demand Greater Consumer Confidence Shifts AD Y´ A´ Y´ i´ A´

12. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #12 IS LM (P) Y i Interest Rate, i Output, Y AD Y Interest Rate, i Output, Y P A A AD´ Aggregate Demand LM´ (P) Contractionary Monetary Policy Shifts AD Y´ i´ A´ Y´ A´

13. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #13 Aggregate Demand: Summary Aggregate Demand: Y is a decreasing function of P Shifts in IS or LM shift AD

14. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #14 Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run AS Output, Y Price Level, P AD Y A Equilibrium P PePe YnYn B Observation: Equilibrium Y may be greater than or less than Y n

15. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #15 P t = price level in year t P t-1 = price level in year t-1 P t+1 = price level in year t+1 Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run The dynamics of output and the price level Assume: P t e = P t-1 Where P t e = price level expected in year t

16. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #16 AS (t) Output, Y Price Level, P AD (t) YtYt P e t+1 = P t A YnYn Equilibrium Year t At A: Y t > Y n P t > P e t = P t-1 P e t = P t-1 B AS´ (t+1) Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run Equilibrium Year t + 1 At A´: Y t+1 > Y n A´ P t+1 Y t+1 P t+1 > P e t+1 The dynamics of output and the price level B´ AS shifts to AS´

17. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #17 AS Output, Y Price Level, P AD YtYt PtPt A YnYn AS´´ Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run AS´ Y t+1 PnPn A´ A´´ P t+1 The dynamics of output and the price level Equilibrium after Y + 1 Output continues to fall Medium run equilibrium at P n, Y n Aggregate supply continues to shift to AS´´ Price level continues to increase

18. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #18 Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run The dynamics of output and the price level Two Observations Short Run:Output can be above or below Y n Medium Run: Prices adjust to return output to Y n

19. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #19 AD AS Output, Y Price Level, P YnYn PnPn A AD´ The Effects of a Monetary Expansion YtYt A´ PtPt A´ equilibrium (Y t > Y n ) AS´´ A´´Pn´Pn´ AD shifts to AD´ M: Y t = Y(, G, T) AS shifts to AS´´ Equilibrium Y n at P n 10% increase in M leads to 10% increase in P

20. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #20 LM (P n ) YnYn PnPn AS AD IS Interest Rate, i Output, Y Interest Rate, i Output, Y A inin YnYn A LM´ (P´) A´ YtYt itit LM´´ (P n ) i Y1Y1 B AD´ The Effects of a Monetary Expansion Looking Behind the Scene: IS-LM Y1Y1 P´ A´ AS´ P´ n A´´ LM (P n ´´)

21. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #21 The Effects of a Monetary Expansion A Summary The Neutrality of Money Short-run:  M  Y  and P  The relative change in P and Y depends on the slope of AS Medium run:Prices continue to increase until P and Y return to their original level, i.e., money is neutral

22. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #22 A Decrease in the Budget Deficit AD´ AS´´ AD AS Output, Y Price Level, P YnYn PnPn A Y1Y1 A´ P´ A´´ P n ´´ Assume: G & T as constant Equilibrium from A to A´ AD shifts to AD´ Y falls to Y 1 Short run P falls & AS shifts to AS´´ Equilibrium at A´´ P at P n ´´ & Y at Y n Medium run

23. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #23 AD AS YnYn PnPn A IS LM A i YnYn Output, Y Price Level, P Interest Rate, i Output, Y AD´ Y1Y1 A´ P´ IS´ Y´ i´ B LM´´ i´´ A´´ AS´´ P n ´´ A´´ LM´ Y2Y2 A´ i1´i1´ A Decrease in the Budget Deficit The Dynamic Effects of a Decrease in the Budget Deficit

24. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #24 A Decrease in the Budget Deficit Budget Deficits, Output, and Investment -A Summary Short Run Will lead to a decrease in output and investment assuming no complementary monetary policy Medium Run Y returns to Y n Interest rate is lower Investment increases Long Run I increases Y increases

25. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #25 Real Wage, W/P WS PS ( ) unun Unemployment Rate, u A PS´ ( ´ > ) Changes in the Price of Oil Effects on the Natural Rate of Unemployment un´un´ A´ Assume an increase in the price of oil

26. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #26 AS´ AS Output, Y Price Level, P AD A P t-1 YnYn Changes in the Price of Oil The Dynamics of Adjustment AS´´ A´´ P t+n A´ P´ Y´ When oil prices increase: Y n decreases to Y n ´ AS shifts up A to A´ short-run change A to A´´ medium-run change increases B Y´ n

27. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #27 Changes in the Price of Oil The Effects of the Increase in the Price of Oil 1973-1975 197319741975 Rate of change of petroleum price (%)10.451.815.1 Rate of change of GDP deflator (%)5.69.09.4 Rate of GDP growth (%)5.8-0.6-0.4 Unemployment rate (%)4.95.68.5 Source: Economic Report of the President, 1997.

28. Chapter 7: The AS-AD ModelBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #28 The AD-AS Model Conclusions Short RunMedium Run OutputInterestPriceOutputInterestPrice LevelRateLevelLevelRateLevel Monetary expansionincreasedecreaseincreaseno change no change increase (small) Deficit reductiondecreasedecreasedecreaseno change decrease decrease (small) Increase in oil pricedecreaseincreaseincreasedecreaseincreaseincrease