1. Gihan Gawish.Dr Dr. Gihan Gawish

2. Gihan Gawish.Dr

3.  Blood measures about 5 liters in the adult human and accounts for 8 percent of the body weight.  Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy center of bones.  New (immature) blood cells are called blasts. Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature. Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature. Some travel to other parts of the body to mature. Some travel to other parts of the body to mature.

4. Gihan Gawish.Dr  Blood is one of the connective tissue. It consists of It consists of Hematic cells Matrix (plasma). Hematic cells Matrix (plasma). Erythrocytes Platelets Leucocytes (Red blood cells( (White blood cells) (Red blood cells( (White blood cells) Because blood has many functions you might be able to conclude that the blood is composed of many different parts.

5. Gihan Gawish.Dr Whole blood Centrifuge anticoagulant

6. Gihan Gawish.Dr Plasma  Plasma takes up about 55% of the total volume of the blood.  Cells free serum or plasma, can be obtained by centrifugation.  The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a typical yellowish color.

7. Gihan Gawish.Dr Composition of plasma  It consists of 90 % water and 10% dry matter.  The other 10% contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, glucose, vitamins, cellular wastes, salts, and proteins.  The other 10% contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, glucose, vitamins, cellular wastes, salts, and proteins.  There are three major types of proteins which exist in plasma) albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins(

8. Gihan Gawish.Dr Functions of plasma proteins  The albumin keeps water from leaving the blood and entering the surrounding cells by osmosis. It does this by helping to keep the concentration of the water within the blood the same as the concentration in the body tissues.  The albumin keeps water from leaving the blood and entering the surrounding cells by osmosis. It does this by helping to keep the concentration of the water within the blood the same as the concentration in the body tissues.  The fibrinogen aids in the clotting of the blood.  The fibrinogen aids in the clotting of the blood.  Some globulins transport proteins and other substances from one part of the body to the next.  Some globulins transport proteins and other substances from one part of the body to the next.  Other globulins are known as antibodies, which help to fight of infection. Antibodies are proteins that attach to and help destroy foreign substances in the body.

9. Gihan Gawish.Dr Hematic cells 1. Red blood cells

10. Gihan Gawish.Dr  The human body contains approximately 5 millions/mm3 of blood  In humans, the matured red blood cells do not contain a nuclei.  Their cytoplasm is filled with an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin.  Their cytoplasm is filled with an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin.  Hemoglobin is the substance that gives the blood its red color.  When a person has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin or too few red blood cells, this is referred to as anemia. Both of these conditions lowers the amount of oxygen that can be carried throughout the blood.

11. Gihan Gawish.Dr  New cells are produced at the same rate red blood cells are destroyed.  New cells are produced at the same rate red blood cells are destroyed.  The old red cells are removed from the body by the spleen and liver and are then broken down.  The iron from the hemoglobin is then collected and reused.

12. Gihan Gawish.Dr Function of RBCs  The red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body.  The red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body.  They also carry carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs.  They also carry carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs.

13. Gihan Gawish.Dr Hematic cells 2. Platelets ( thrombocytes)  The part of the blood which is involved in the clotting of blood.  The part of the blood which is involved in the clotting of blood.  Platelets are formed when bits of cytoplasm are pinched. Even though these bits of cytoplasm contain no nuclei, they surrounded by a membrane.  Platelets are formed when bits of cytoplasm are pinched. Even though these bits of cytoplasm contain no nuclei, they surrounded by a membrane.  There about a total of 1.5 trillion platelets in the blood of an adult human.  There about a total of 1.5 trillion platelets in the blood of an adult human.  There are about 300,000 platelets existing in a cubic millimeter of blood.  Their life lasts for about seven days and are produced at about 200 billion /day.

14. Gihan Gawish.Dr Hematic cells 3. White blood cells ( LEUKOCYTES) Granulocyte Agranulocyte ( lymphoid cells) ( lymphoid cells) Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lmphocytes Monocytes Lmphocytes Monocytes  The term granulocyte is due to the presence of granules in the cytoplasm of these cells. These granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors.

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18.  There is a variety of colorless blood cells which make the white blood cells, or known as leukocytes.  These white blood cells are defenders for the body. They protect the body from bacteria and viruses, which are disease-causing organisms.  These white blood cells are defenders for the body. They protect the body from bacteria and viruses, which are disease-causing organisms.  Unlike red blood cells, the white blood cells contain a nucleus and are larger than the red blood cells.  There are fewer white blood cells than red, but there are still about 60 billion in an adult human body.  There are fewer white blood cells than red, but there are still about 60 billion in an adult human body.

19. Gihan Gawish.Dr Function of WBCs  There are five different types of white blood cells.  There are five different types of white blood cells.  The majority of them function to protect the body in some form.  The majority of them function to protect the body in some form.  A portion of the white blood cells are what are called phagocytic (monocytes & neutrophils).  The lymphocytes take care of the production of antibodies and the cells that destroy certain substances and uncommon cells.

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21.  The body consists of metabolically active cells that need a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen.  Metabolic waste products need to be removed from the cells to maintain a stable cellular environment.  Blood is the primary transport medium that is responsible for meeting these cellular demands.

22. Gihan Gawish.Dr The transport functions include:  Carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells.  Transporting carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys where these wastes can be removed from the body.  Carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues.

23. Gihan Gawish.Dr The regulation functions include:  Helping regulate body temperature by removing heat from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it can be dissipated.  Playing a significant role in fluid and electrolyte balance because the salts and plasma proteins contribute to the osmotic pressure. osmotic  Functioning in pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood.

24. Gihan Gawish.Dr The protection functions include:  Preventing fluid loss through hemorrhage when blood vessels are damaged due to its clotting mechanisms.  Helping (phagocytic white-blood cells) to protect the body against microorganisms that cause disease by engulfing and destroying the agent.  Protecting (antibodies in the plasma) protect against disease by their reactions with offending agents.

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26. Total volume  It measures about 5 liters in the adult human and accounts for 8 percent of the body weight.  Infants have a large amount of blood volume in proportion to their body weight compared to the body weight of adult

27. Gihan Gawish.Dr Hematocrite  Hematocrite= (length of RBC column / Total length of blood column) x 100  The range of hematocrite in males is from 42% to 52%  The range of hematocrite in females is from 37% to 47%

28. Gihan Gawish.Dr Specific Gravity  SG= density of blood / density of water OR = mass of given wt of blood / mass of equal wt. water = mass of given wt of blood / mass of equal wt. water  SG of blood ≈ 1.055 to 1.065  It means the density of blood more than of water

29. Gihan Gawish.Dr Viscosity  The viscosity of plasma is about 1.8-times the viscosity of water (termed relative viscosity at 37°C) and is related to the protein composition of the plasma.  The viscosity of plasma is about 1.8-times the viscosity of water (termed relative viscosity at 37°C) and is related to the protein composition of the plasma.  Whole blood has a relative viscosity of 3-4 depending upon hematocrit, temperature, and flow rate.

30. Gihan Gawish.Dr  Hematocrit :  Hematocrit : Therefore, a 50% increase in hematocrit from a normal value increases blood viscosity by about 100%. Such changes in hematocrit and blood viscosity occur in a patients with polycythemia.  Temperature : As temperature decreases, viscosity increases. Viscosity increases approximate 2% for each °C decrease in temperature. This effect has several implications.  Temperature : As temperature decreases, viscosity increases. Viscosity increases approximate 2% for each °C decrease in temperature. This effect has several implications.  The flow rate : At very low flow states in the microcirculation, as occurs during circulatory shock, the blood viscosity can increase quite significantly.  The flow rate : At very low flow states in the microcirculation, as occurs during circulatory shock, the blood viscosity can increase quite significantly.

31. Gihan Gawish.Dr Osmotic pressure of the Blood ≈ 25mmHg  It is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semi permeable membrane due to a differential in the concentrations of solute.

32. Gihan Gawish.Dr  Osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent (usually water) would want to stay in a liquid.  When a biological cell is in a hypotonic environment (the cell interior contains a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of other molecules than its exterior), water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic pressure.