1. Chapter 11 Blood Functions transports vital substances
distributes heat
Blood Cells
form mostly in red bone marrow
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets (cell fragments)
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2. Blood Volume varies with about 8% of body weight about 5 liters
body size
changes in fluid concentration
changes in electrolyte concentration
amount of adipose tissue
about 8% of body weight
about 5 liters
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3. Blood Composition
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4. Red Blood Cells erythrocytes biconcave one-third hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
can readily squeeze through capillaries
lack nuclei and mitochondria
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5. Red Blood Cell Count number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
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6. Red Blood Cell Production
low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary
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7. Types of Anemia iron deficiency anemia sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin deficient
lack of iron
sickle cell anemia
abnormal shape of RBCs
defective gene
pernicious anemia
excess of immature RBCs
inability to absorb B12
Polycythemia- excess number of rbcs
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8. White Blood Cells leukocytes protect against disease
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development
granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
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9. Lymphocytes T cells B cells important in immunity produce antibodies
25% - 33% of leukocytes
decreased T Cells in AIDS
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10. White Blood Cell Counts
number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
leukopenia
low WBC count; below 5,000 per cubic mm
AIDS
leukocytosis
high WBC count; more than 10,000 per cubic mm
acute infections, leukemia
differential WBC count
lists percentages of types of leukocytes
may change in particular diseases
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11. Blood Platelets thrombocytes cell fragments of megakaryocytes
130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
helps control blood loss from broken vessels
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12. Hemostasis and Blood Clots
stoppage of bleeding
thrombus – abnormal blood clot
embolus – blood clot moving through blood
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13. Blood Plasma
straw colored
liquid portion of blood
55% of blood
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14. Plasma Proteins Albumins most numerous plasma proteins
originate in liver
help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
Gamma Globulins
originate in lymphatic tissues
constitute the antibodies of immunity
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15. Gases and Nutrients Nutrients Gases amino acids oxygen simple sugars
nucleotides
lipids
Gases
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
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16. Plasma Electrolytes sodium potassium calcium chloride bicarbonate
phosphate
sodium and potassium most abundant
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17. ABO Blood Group
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18. Agglutination
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19. Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion
O universal donor
AB universal recipient
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20. Rh Rh factor is another antigen found on about 85% of the population
Erythroblastosis fetalis
RhoGAM
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