1. From DNA to Proteins
Chapter 13

2. Before you go on…
Review the answers to the following questions to test your understanding of previous material.
DNA performs two unique functions necessary for the perpetuation of life. Briefly describe these two functions.
Discuss the significance of specific base pairing in DNA replication (and RNA synthesis).
Describe the concept of a gene: where are they, what do they do, and how are they inherited?
What are mutations: what causes them, are there different kinds, and can they be repaired?
What is the relationship between the informational molecules DNA and RNA?... between these molecules and proteins?
List and describe several roles of different proteins in cells. (In other words, why is protein synthesis important?)

3. Learning Objectives
Compare and contrast the chemical structure and function of DNA and RNA.
Discuss the significance of specific base pairing in DNA replication and in RNA synthesis.
Name the enzymes important in DNA and RNA synthesis.
Differentiate between the processes of transcription and translation.
Describe the roles of the 3 different types of RNA in protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA contains a start codon and a stop codon. Why is this necessary?
Describe what is happening during cell differentiation and animal metamorphosis.
Describe the inherited component of cancer development? What happens?

4. Three Classes of RNAs Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
p. 196
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries protein-building instructions
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Major component of ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Delivers amino acids to enzymes at ribosomes, in the order dictated by mRNA, to build correct polypeptide
Where is RNA made? What two kinds of molecules make up a ribosome? Where do you find ribosomes in a cell?

5. Transcription & DNA Replication
Nucleotides added as in DNA replication (specific base pairing)
Unlike DNA replication,
only small stretch acts as a template
RNA polymerase catalyzes nucleotide addition
Product is a single strand of RNA
Transcription & DNA Replication
When is DNA replicated normally?
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA.
p. 196

6. Steps from DNA to Proteins
Same two steps produce all proteins:
Transcription:
DNA is transcribed to form mRNA
occurs in the nucleus
mRNA moves into cytoplasm
2) Translation:
translation occurs at ribosomes (rRNA)
mRNA is translated by tRNA to form polypeptide chains, which fold to form functional proteins
Hopefully, nothing is lost in translation!

7. DNA to Protein Where might this ribosome be in the cell?
What has yet to happen to this polypeptide chain (before it is a functional protein)?
Where might this protein be used in the cell?

8. DNA & RNA compared… DNA: RNA: Double stranded Self replicating
ACTG bases
RNA:
Single stranded
Manufactured from DNA
ACUG bases
Match base pairs in DNA replication:
Match base pairs for RNA synthesis:
A -
G -
C -
T - T C G A
A -
G -
C -
T - U C G A
DNA template

9. The “language” of Nucleic Acids
DNA codes for amino acids in triplets:
TAC CGT AAA CGT …
mRNA (messenger RNA): a “copy” of DNA that is read in codons.
AUG GCA UUU GCA …
tRNA (transfer RNA): ‘interpreter’ of mRNA using “matching” anticodons.
AUG GCA UUU GCA …
U A C
Amino Acid
If the recipe for proteins only had 4 words (ACTG), how would this limit the variety of proteins possible?
How many triplets are in a gene that codes for a polypeptide that’s 125 amino acids long?
p. 198

10. p. 198

11. Protein synthesis translation transcription DNA mRNA U A C tRNA A U G
Review mutations… what are the possible effects to the individual? Can these mutations be passed on to offspring?
translation
transcription
DNA
mRNA U A C
tRNA A U G
Tyr A T G
Pro G A
p. 200

12. Mutations in Genes
p. 202

13. What Happens to the New Polypeptides?
Where is the ribosome?
Some function in the cytoplasm
Many enter the endoplasmic reticulum and move through the endomembrane system where they are modified and shipped to their final destination

14. Animal Metamorphosis
What has changed inside cells to produce these changes in body form. How is this controlled? What is/are the advantages of metamorphosis?

15. Cancer
Tumors result when the normal mechanisms controlling cell division malfunction.
Benign or malignant
Result from the accumulation of mutations that transform the cell
Mutagens and carcinogens increase the risk of cancer
Tumor suppressing genes
Proto-oncogenes
Viruses can insert genetic information into host cells, and move genes to different chromosomes
Can we take advantage of this?

16. p. 204