1. Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner1 Beta-Beams Elena Wildner, CERN 1 2010-09-07

2. Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 2 Outline The Beta Beam concept A Beta Beam scenario The challenges Other studies Conclusion 22

3. 2010-09-07 3 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner Beta Beams 3 The aim is to produce (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections (Zuchelli, 2002). Energy of neutrinos Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV Accelerate ions to relativistic  max Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E   2  Q Forward focusing of neutrinos:   1/  Two different parent isotopes to produce and anti- respectively

4. 4 Choice of radioactive ion species Beta-active isotopes Production rates Life time Dangerous rest products Reactivity (Noble gases are good) Reasonable lifetime at rest If too short: decay during acceleration If too long: low neutrino production Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario In the order of a second Low Z preferred Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino produced One ion produces one neutrino. Reduce space charge problems NuBase t 1/2 at rest (ground state) 1 – 60 s 1ms – 1s 6He and 18Ne 8Li and 8B 4 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

5. 5 High Energy Beta beam Design Studies 2010-09-07 Eurisol design Study, EC FP6, 2005-2009 6He and 19Ne, ISOL Baseline: Frejus Gamma: 100, Low-Q ~ 3.5 MeV 18Ne production, ISOL, 20 times below requirements No beam stability studies Decay Ring RF HW not studied Low energy part of acceleration not studied EUROnu Project, EC FP7, 2008-2012 8Li and 8B, Production Ring, Ion collection Baseline: Canfranc / Gran Sasso Gamma: 100, High-Q ~ 16 MeV 19Ne production intensified, experiments for 6He Low energy part of acceleration studied Intense beam stability studied (Collective Effects) Decay Ring HW for RF System Studied Costing

6. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 6 6 Some scaling, high Q or high  Accelerators can accelerate ions up to Z/A × the proton energy. L ~ /  m 2 ~  Q, Flux ~ L −2 => Flux ~ Q −2 Cross section ~ ~  Q Merit factor (Flux * Cross-section) for an experiment at the atmospheric oscillation maximum: M=  Q Remember: ion lifetime ~ , therefore we need longer straight sections in the decay ring to give the same flux for the same number of stored ions in the accelerator.

7. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 7 7 Beta beam to different baselines

8. Neutrino 2010 (Athens): Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 88 The EURISOL scenario boundaries Based on CERN boundaries Ion choice: 6 He and 18 Ne Based on existing technology and machines Ion production through ISOL technique Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac Rapid cycling synchrotron Use of existing machines: PS and SPS Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions SPS allows maximum of 150 ( 6 He) or 250 ( 18 Ne) Gamma choice optimized for physics reach Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory Achieve an annual neutrino rate of 2.9*10 18 anti-neutrinos from 6 He 1.1 10 18 neutrinos from 18 Ne The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euro we will study 8 Li and 8 B EURISOL scenario top-down approach 8 (*) 8 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS

9. Beta Beam scenario 6He/18Ne Neutrin o Source Decay Ring ISOL target Decay ring B  ~ 500 Tm B = ~ 6 T C = ~ 6900 m L ss = ~ 2500 m 6 He:  = 100 18 Ne:  = 100 SPS RCS -beam to Frejus Linac, 100 MeV/n 60 GHz pulsed ECR Existing!!! 450 GeV p Ion production 6He/18Ne PS Super Proton Linac 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 9

10. Beta Beam scenario 6He/18Ne Neutrin o Source Decay Ring ISOL target Decay ring B  ~ 500 Tm B = ~ 6 T C = ~ 6900 m L ss = ~ 2500 m 6 He:  = 100 18 Ne:  = 100 SPS RCS -beam to Frejus Linac, 100 MeV/n 60 GHz pulsed ECR Existing!!! 450 GeV p Ion production 6He/18Ne PS Super Proton Linac 18Ne Isotopes is not possible to produce with ISOL technology: New Ideas are needed!!! 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 10 DR Design by A. Chance, CEA RCS Design by A. Lachaize, CNRS

11. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 11 European Strategy for Future Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner New approaches for ion production “Beam cooling with ionisation losses” – C. Rubbia, A Ferrari, Y. Kadi and V. Vlachoudis in NIM A 568 (2006) 475–487 “Development of FFAG accelerators and their applications for intense secondary particle production”, Y. Mori, NIM A562(2006)591 Studied within FP7 ”Euro ” (*) FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372) (*) Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber Ring lattice, target modeling and cooling simulations: E Benedetto, M. Schaumann, J. Wehner

12. 12 Beta Beam scenario 8Li/8B Neutrin o Source Decay Ring ISOL target, Collection Decay ring B  ~ 500 Tm B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m L ss = ~2500 m 8 Li:  = 100 8 B:  = 100 SPS RCS, 1.7 GeV -beam to GranSasso/Canfranc Linac, 100 MeV 60 GHz pulsed ECR Existing!!! 280 GeV Ion production PR Ion Linac 25 MeV, 7 Li and 6 Li 8B/8Li PS 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

13. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 13 PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI) We need 10 19 cm -2 !!

14. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 14 Challenge: collection device Status: The collection device is under test, results expected end summer 2010 for 8Li. Tests for 8B will follow. Semen Mitrofanov Thierry Delbar Marc Loiselet

15. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner X-sections, Energies and Angles, Li and B 15 8B production experiments are being planned at Legnaro (2010) Inverse kinematic reaction proposed: (heavy ion beam on light target): 7 Li + CD 2 target E beam =25 MeV Due to problems with gas jet target we will start simulations with normal kinematics. Liquid target challenges: energy deposition, collection angles, beam cooling… 15 INFN-LNL: M. Cinausero, G. De Angelis, G. Prete, E Vardaci

16. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 16 ECR (60 GHz) Source (1) 16 The SEISM Collaboration: Challenges: Produce stripped ions (more difficult for high A ions) Adapted pulse length Optimize for further acceleration: RFQ & Linac The source is developed for He, Ne, B and Li New stripping conditions: fully stripped-> 1+ ! Efficiency of source: 50% ? Need margins ? Status: Magnetic tests scheduled for mid 2010 60 GHz gyrotron for mid 2011

17. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 17 Recent Research: 19 F(p, 2n) 18 Ne T. Stora, P. Valko The  e beam needs production of 2.0 10 13 18 Ne/s Theoretically possible with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF We need measurements of the cross section 19 F(p, 2n) 18 Ne !

18. Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner Options for production 2010-09-07 18 TypeAcceleratorBeamI beam mA E beam MeV P beam kW TargetIsotopeFlux S -1 Ok? ISOL & n-converter SPLp0.12 10 3 200W/BeO6He5 10 13 ISOL & n-converter Saraf/GANILd1540600C/BeO6He5 10 13 ISOLLinac 4p616070019F Molten NaF loop 18Ne1 10 13 ISOLCyclo/Linacp107070019F Molten NaF loop 18Ne2 10 13 ISOLLinacX13He> 170213600MgO 80 cm disk 18Ne2 10 13 P-RingLinacX27Li0.160254d8Li?1 10 14 P-RingLinacX26Li0.1602543He8B?1 10 14 Experimentally OK On paper may be OK Not OK yet Possible Challenging Courtesy T. Stora, P Valko R & D !!! Needs some optimization 8Li can be produced by similar methods as 6He in good amounts

19. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 19 Recent Results for Production of 6 He 5 10 13 6 He/s 600kW, 40 MeV deuteron beam 5 10 13 6 He/s 200kW, 2 GeV proton beam (ISOLDE 2008) Can be used also for production of 8Li M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G 35, 014042 (2008); T. Hirsh et al., PoS (Nufact08)090 N. Thiolliere et al., EURISOL-DS T. Stora et al., EURISOL-DS, TN03-25-2006-0003 Aimed: He 2.9 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s)

20. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 20 Radioprotection 20 Residual Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate at 1 m distance from the beam line (mSv h -1 ) RCS (quad - 18 Ne) PS (dip - 6 He) SPSDR (arc - 18 Ne) 1 hour1510-5.4 1 day36-3.6 1 week22-1.4 Annual Effective Dose to the Reference Population (  Sv) RCSPSSPSDR 0.670.64-5.6 (only decay losses) Stefania Trovati, Matteo Magistris, CERN CERN-EN-Note-2009-007 STI EURISOL-DS/TASK2/TN-02- 25-2009-0048 Yacin Kadi et al., CERN

21. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 21 Activation and coil damage in the PS M. Kirk et. al GSI 21 The coils could support 60 years operation with a EURISOL type beta-beam

22. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 22 The need for duty factors 22 E. Fernandez, C. Hansen B and Li can be relaxed a factor 2

23. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 23 More challenges: Duty factor and RF.... 20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23 microseconds 10 14 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for atm. background reduction!!! 23 Erk Jensen, CERN

24. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 24 Hardware challenge: RF Cavities.... 20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23 microseconds 10 14 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for background suppression !!! 24 Graeme Burt, STFC Collaboration Cockroft Institute (*) started (*) Associated Institue to EUROnu Beta Beams

25. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 25 Energy deposition in Decay Ring 25 Cos  design open midplane magnet Superconducting Magnet: Manageable (7 T operational) with Nb -Ti at 1.9 K Higher fields will be studied! New magnet design needs to be shielded! J. Bruer, E. Todesco, E. Wildner, CERN Straight section Arc Momentum collimation Momentum collimation (only preliminary studies): Challenging!

26. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 26 High Intensities, research and hard work! 26

27. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 27 Other Beta Beams  Most present work on beta beams is going on within EUROnu  Other laboratories have also worked on beta beams  INO, India (S. Choubey)  Fermilab, USA (A. Janson)  IPN, France (C.Volpe)  University of Valencia, Spain (J. Barnabeu)  …

28. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 28 Low energy Beta Beams 28 Christina Volpe: A proposal to establish a facility for the production of intense and pure low energy neutrino beams. J Phys G 30 (2004) L1. PS SPS storage ring BASELINE close detector PHYSICS STUDIED WITHIN THE EURISOL DS (FP6, 2005-2009) To off axis far detector

29. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 29 Where are the project risks Production of ions the (anti-) neutrino emitters Good news: He (exp) and Ne (paper) can be produced! The production ring proposal is not feasible for the time being Other methods for B production ? CERN Complex Can we accelerate the high intensity ion beams (all isotopes)? High-Q ions need even higher intensities in the machines Can beta beams compete with neutrino factories? Cost and Physics reach to evaluate Important: we need a suitable detector !!! Funding We do not have the manpower needed to conclude at the end of the EUROnu project 29

30. 30 Beta Beam: potential 30 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner Plots from M. Mezetto

31. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 31 Summary EUROnu project ongoing (use CERN infrastructures) Still 2 years funding The beta beam baseline: 6He and 18Ne (CERN Frejus) Research for higher-Q ions (Longer baseline ~ 700 km) Challenges: High intensity, short bunches for bkg suppression Protection against high radiation Costing is now an important issue 31

32. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 32 Acknowledgements 32

33. 2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 33 High  and decay-ring size, 6 He GammaRigidity [Tm] Ring length T=5 T f=0.36 Dipole Field rho=300 m Length=6885m 10093849163.1 150140464214.7 200186779176.2 35032771247410.9 50046781700015.6 33 Example : Neutrino oscillation physics with a higher   -beam, arXiv:hep-ph/0312068 J. Burguet-Castell, D. Casper, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, P.Hernandez, F.Sanchez