1. 1 Further Demands on beam Intense, Intense, Intense, ….Intense, Intense, Intense, …. –Very far detector, extremely small cross section, search small osci. probability – High proton beam power – High efficiency pion collection with Horns Fast (Time structure)Fast (Time structure) –Background in detector: Cosmic rays, atm (~8/day @SK) –Discriminate by timing info. Long term stable operation and maintenanceLong term stable operation and maintenance

2. 2 Fast extraction from accelerator Single turn fast extraction （ JAPRC Phase-1): –3.3x10 14 protons in 8 bunches in ~4  s (3.5sec period) 15bunch operation also being discussed to recover beam power –4  s/3.5s~10 -6 BG reduction –2.6MJ/pulse(3.5 sec period) Huge power in short timeHuge power in short time –Thermal shock problem everywhere (+cooling problem) Time scale ~ sound velocity ~  s  each bunch cumulative –  makes components design difficult –cf. [hadron facility]x10 6 (slow ext), [3GeV facility]x10 2 (50GeV/3GeVx8/1bunch) 598ns 58ns 4.2  s ~10TW 330kJ (50GeVx4E13p)

3. 3 Challenge and Technologies First high enrgy MW fast-ext’ed beam ! cm 1100 o (cf. melting point 1536 o ) 3.3E14 ppp w/ 5  s pulse When this beam hits an iron block, Material heavier than iron would melt. Thermal shock stress (max stress ~300 MPa) Material science, Mechanical engineering, Radiation safety system engineering and remote maintenance engineering Residual radiation > 1000Sv/h

4. 4 Neutrino beam line with MW protons 4 Shock wave Graphite for target and dump core Heat generation Various sources including dE/dX 4kW(water), MW (air) magnets and their power water cooling Target Horn TS-DV-BD wall /BD core water cooling Radioactive water and air radioactive water 13GBq / 3weeks (must be diluted <30Bq/cc to dispose)  many tanks, ion exchange filter, backup loop  radioactive He 7GBq / 3 weeks (must be diluted <5mBq/cc to dispose)  Production cross section of Tritium in He is 1/10 of air  He vessel ( need O 2 <10ppm)

5. 5 Temparature rise of Horn at 750KW

6. 6 Present Technology limit Temparature rise and thermal shock limit us about 2MW proton beam –Alminum horn –Graphite target beam power –Ti vacuum window number of protons Substantial R/D and experiences needed to go substantially beyond this limit

7. 7 Far(?) future

8. 8 BNL-FNAL1 joint study

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16. 16 New types of accelerators

17. 17 Technical Challenges of the EURISOL Beta-beam Steven Hancock AB Department, CERN on behalf of the Beta-beam Study Group http://cern.ch/beta-beam/

18. 18 Production Mechanism

19. 19 Beta-beam proposal by Piero Zucchelli. –A novel concept for a neutrino factory: the beta-beam, Phys. Let. B, 532 (2002) 166-172. AIM: production of a pure beam of electron neutrinos (or antineutrinos) through the beta-decay of radioactive ions circulating in a high-energy storage ring. Baseline scenario. –Based on known technology and machines. –Makes maximum use of the existing CERN infrastructure. –  ~100 6 He or 18 Ne ions. –Annual rate of 2.9  10 18 antineutrinos or 1.1  10 18 neutrinos.

20. 20 EURISOL Beta-beam Neutrino Source Decay Ring Ion production ISOL target & Ion source Proton Driver SPL SPS Acceleration to medium energy RCS PS Acceleration to final energy PS & SPS Experiment Ion acceleration Linac Beam preparation Pulsed ECR Ion productionAccelerationNeutrino source

21. 21 RCS PS SPS Decay ring Cooling is not an option. Electron cooling is excluded because of the high electron beam energy and, in any case, the cooling time is far too long. Stochastic cooling is excluded by the high bunch intensities. Beam loss Machine activation due to beta-decay losses alone is not a show-stopper but still deserves careful consideration. Will be comparable with NOMAD-CNGS operation. Radiation on Super conducting ring Space charge problem and RF system

22. 22 Conclusions Beta-beam baseline scenario is well established. Main technical challenges rest firmly with the decay ring, with the focus of attention on rf and collimation systems. radioactivity and scraping may give background  Accelerator design is made “top-down” so that machine performance is compatible with target figures from physics, while the production side is studied within EURISOL. –Stop press: preliminary measurements at Louvain-La- Neuve indicate that direct production of 18 Ne by 3 He on a 16 O target could reach the required rate. Beta-beam task well integrated in the EURISOL DS: excellent example of synergy between nuclear and high-energy physics.

23. 23 Neutrino Factory The goal of a neutrino factory is to provide a source of neutrino and anti-neutrino beams that are intense, energetic, and well understood. The specific idea is to construct a muon storage ring with long straight sections and use ’s from  decays.. There are many technical challenges. Some of the most important ones are: 1.Design of target for high power beams (few Mw) 2.Cooling of muons (initial P T ~ 300 MeV) 3.Rapid acceleration of muons (from ~100 MeV to tens of GeV) 4. Construction of steep beam lines (tens of degrees)

24. 24 Golden Signature The transition e ->  is detected by observation of the “wrong sign” muon. Should be relatively background free. Need a detector with magnetic field.

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35. 35 Mass hierarchy and CPV

36. 36 2010-2014 Neutrino experiments – Reactor experiment on   – e appearance –To the level of 1/10 of the present upper limit Yes, then full investigation of CPV –with a giant detector and proton decay –mass hierarchy with new type of accelerator No, –continue searching small parameter LHC results on Higgs, SUSY and ? Linear collider