1. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 1 Introdução à Medicina Introdução à Medicina Guiding Professor: Dra. Cristina Santos Work done by: Class 5

2. Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 2 Medical students’ attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct Research Work Second Presentation – March 17, 2006

3. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 3 Introduction

4. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 4 Honesty Integrity Professionalism www.impensadejacutinga.com www.chirec.be lists.w3.org

5. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 5 Other Works  At Dundee University Medical School an anonymous questionnaire revealed that medical students could tell right from wrong, but also that their behaviour was not what they considered right (S C Rennie and J R Crosby; Differences in medical students’ attitudes behaviour across the years; 2002).  The observation of american medical students by Sierles F. et al reported that 58% of the students had copied during exams (Sierles F, Hendrickx I, Circle S; Cheating at medical school; J Med Educ 1980 ;55:124- 125). And what about Oporto’s students??

6. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 6 Objectives  Analyse the attitudes and reported behaviour of medical students of “Universidade do Porto”, “Tomorrow’s Doctors” “Tomorrow’s Doctors”   Analyse the attitudes and reported behaviour of Oporto’s nursing students in comparison with medical students’.

7. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 7 PARTICIPANTS&METHODS

8. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 8  Target population: Oporto's medical and nursing students.  Samples: Sampling Medicine Nursing FMUP ICBAS 40 / 256 1 st yr students 32 / 206 3 rd yr students 28 / 185 6 th yr students 43 / 154 1 st yr students 31 / 150 3 rd yr students 26 / 115 6 th yr students 37 1 st yr students 35 3 rd yr students 28 4 th yr students 100 Students (out of 1316) 100 Students (out of 850) 100 Students (out of ?) ESEnfSJ

9. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 9 Sampling The size of the sample (n) was calculated according to the formula: The amplitude of our work is 20% and the proportion (P) is 50%  “n” is equal to 100  The confidence interval is 95%

10. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 10 Random group sample The units we inquired were classes Classes were randomly chosen (SPSS) 1st Year3th Year“Seniors” FMUP Class 4; 10; 17; 19Class 8; 12; 15Class 9; 16 ICBAS Class 5; 9; 15Class 8; 13Class 2; 10 ESEnfSJ Class c; d; f; j---- Sampling

11. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 11 Data Gathering Instruments  Our questionnaire is a translation and adaptation of one made by students and professors from Dundee University Medical School (Rennie SC, Crosby JR; Are ´´ tomorrow doctors`` honest? Questionnaire study exploring medical students´ attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct).  The survey was made in the three faculties, to randomly chosen classes. FMUP - From the 6th to the 10th of February 2006 ICBAS and ESEnf S.J. – From the 7th to the 20th of February

12. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 12 Data Gathering Instruments  Information will be collected using two questionnaires: for Boys for Girls

13. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 13  The Dundee University Medical School questionnaire is composed of 14 different situations. Each student should answer: yes, no or not sure.  In order to adapt the questionnaire to the target population, it was translated. New situations were added and some questions were reformulated. Questionnaire (Model) (Model)

14. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 14 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart

15. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 15 Flow chart Flow chart

16. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 16 Pre-Test  Lowering the probability of occurring systematic and random errors.  Took part in the pre-test: FMUP: 20+20 students

17. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 17 Changes:  Situations and questions were reformulated (eg.: situation 19 and question III)  New situations about drinking and going out at night were added.  It was not asked what kind of punishment should be used in each situation.

18. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 18 Questionnaires (definitive)  Joana’s questionnaire (girls’) (girls’)  João’s questionnaire (boys’) (boys’)

19. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 19

20. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 20 Data Processing Methods SPSS ®  Collected data was inserted in SPSS ®  A table was formatted to this specific tasktable

21. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 21 Statistical Analysis:  Frequency tables  Chi-Square Syntax

22. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 22 Results

23. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 23 Cheating In examsIn college works Plagiarism Missing lessons Going out at night Professional integrity Next morning tiredness Alcohol related issues Situation 1/2 Situation 5/6/7/8 Situation 3/4/9 Situation 10/11 Situation 15/16/17/18 Situation 12/19 Situation 13/14 Analysis Project

24. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 24  In each group: General analyse of the answers. Possible relations between the answers in each situation. Relations between faculties. Relations between gender. Relations between Year.  Possible relations between key situations of each group.

25. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 25 About Cheating: About Cheating: 1) João copied Ana’s answers in the exam. 2) João is talking to Ana about the exam she just took and in which he is about to be evaluated. In exams:

26. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 26 Although they disagree with cheating in exams, they do cheat.

27. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 27 Differences between Faculties Differences between Faculties (About cheating) I) Did students agree on cheating?

28. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 28

29. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 29 II) Did they think there should be any punishment for cheaters?

30. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 30 III) Would they consider to cheat?

31. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 31

32. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 32 Differences between Genders Differences between Genders (About cheating) I) Did students agree on cheating?

33. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 33 Differences between Years Differences between Years (About cheating) I) Did students agree on cheating?

34. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 34

35. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 35 In college work projects: 5) João copied Ana’s work. 6) Ana lent her work to João and he copied it without telling her anything. About Cheating: About Cheating:

36. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 36 7) João lent Ana his work for her to copy. 8) João did Ana’s work for her.

37. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 37 Although they disagree with coping in college work projects, they do copy them.

38. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 38 Differences between Faculties Differences between Faculties (About cheating in college work projects) I) Did students agree on coping in college work projects)?

39. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 39 II) Did they think there should be any punishment in coping college work projects)?

40. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 40

41. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 41 III) Would they consider to copy in college work projects?

42. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 42 Differences between Genders Differences between Genders (About cheating in college work projects) I) Did students agree on coping in college work projects?

43. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 43

44. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 44 III) Would they consider to copy in college work projects?

45. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 45

46. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 46 About Plagiarism : About Plagiarism : 4) João copied texts form books/magazines and referenced them as being of his own. 3) João copied texts form books/magazines and only referenced them.

47. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 47 9) João submitted a work that had already been submitted, previously, by other student.

48. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 48 About missing lessons: About missing lessons: 10) João missed his theoretical lessons (without required presence) without motive. 11) João missed his lessons of obligatory presence without motive.

49. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 49 About going out at night: About going out at night: Next morning tiredness: 12) João usually goes out at night with lessons in the next morning. 19) João went to a clinical practice lesson on a morning, extremely tired, after having gone out the night before.

50. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 50 Alcohol related issues: 13) João got drunk at a party, knowing he had lessons the following morning. 14) João gets drunk several times a week.

51. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 51 About professional integrity: About professional integrity: 15) João forged Dr. Rui’s signature on a prescription 16) João declared “Normal Neural Examination” without analysing the pacient.

52. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 52 17) João consulted patients’ clinical records as a source of information for his research. 18) João described the situation of a patient he had recently examined to Ana, without the patient’s consent.

53. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 53 Conclusion

54. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 54  In general, they do not agree with the attitude but consider that there should not be a punishment for those who do it. In the end, they considered doing it.  Same students that disagree with cheating consider cheating as an option. About cheating: About cheating: In exams:

55. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 55  There are some significant differences between faculties: ESESJ: Those who disagree the most with this attitude (56%). FMUP: Those who agree the least with the punishment (46%). ICBAS: Those who consider the most doing the same (42%), in opposition with ESESJ.  Students from ESESJ have the most positive attitude about cheating followed by FMUP and ICBAS which are very similar.

56. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 56  Between Years, it is relevant that seniors students are those who disagree the most with cheating, although there is no differences between consider doing it.

57. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 57  Students consider the attitude wrong, do not consider doing the same and agree with the application of a penalty.  Although they disagree with coping college work projects, they do copy them. In college work projects: About cheating: About cheating:

58. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 58  There are some significant differences between faculties: ESESJ: Those who disagree the most with the attitude. ESESJ: Those who agree the most with the application of a penalty. ESESJ: Those who considered the least cheating in college works project.  Boys are those who agree the most, and also the ones who strongly consider doing it.

59. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 59 About plagiarism: About plagiarism:  In general, students disagree with plagiarism, and do not consider doing the same.

60. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 60  Students agree that missing theoretical lessons is not wrong.  Students have an opposite opinion about missing lessons of obligatory presence, not considering missing them. About missing lessons: About missing lessons:

61. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 61  Students do not consider wrong going out at night with lessons in the next morning.  Although, they consider wrong going out at night with clinical practice lessons in the next morning. About going out at night: About going out at night:

62. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 62  Students consider that getting drunk at parties with lessons in the following morning is not wrong.  They have the same opinion about getting drunk several times a week.

63. Introdução à medicina Dec 16, 2005academic misconduct 63  Students consider wrong forging signatures on prescriptions  They also consider wrong to emit general judgments on patients that had not been properly analysed. About professional integrity: About professional integrity: