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Multiple Perspectives on Specialist English for EAP Tutors Sheena Gardner and Jasper Holmes, CELTE University of Warwick.

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1 Multiple Perspectives on Specialist English for EAP Tutors Sheena Gardner and Jasper Holmes, CELTE University of Warwick. s.f.gardner@warwick.ac.uk; j.w.holmes@warwick.ac.uk s.f.gardner@warwick.ac.ukj.w.holmes@warwick.ac.uk BALEAP PIM: 18 November 2006. Durham University Language Centre From Astrophysics Papers to Student Business Case Reports: Teaching Specialist English in the University Context

2 1. Emic perspectives from the discourse community Essay Anthropology, Archaeology, Biology, Computing, Economics, Engineering, English Studies, Food Sciences, Health, History, Hospitality and Tourism, Law, Mathematics, Medicine, Philosophy, Psychology, Publishing, Theatre Studies ReportComputing, Food Sciences, Hospitality and Tourism, Law, Psychology Laboratory ReportArchaeology, Biology, Physics Project ReportBiology, Economics, Engineering, Mathematics, Sociology Research ProjectBiology, Mathematics, Theatre Studies Dissertation Anthropology, Archaeology, Biology, Computing, Law, Medicine, Publishing, Sociology, Theatre Studies Group ProjectArchaeology, Engineering, Health, Physics, Publishing PosterAnthropology, Biology, Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology Book ReviewHistory, Psychology, Sociology, Theatre Studies Website EvaluationMedicine, Theatre Studies Problem SheetsBiosciences, Economics, Food Sciences, Hospitality and Tourism, Mathematics Case StudiesHealth, Publishing Case Notes, Draft Appeal to House of Lords, Advice Notes to a client, Submissions in preparation for a case, Moots, Problem Question (judgment) Law Field Study/ EthnographySociology Patient Case ReportMedicine Letter from publisher to AuthorPublishing Reflective writing / journal/ blogEngineering, English Studies, Hospitality and Tourism, Philosophy, Medicine, Theatre Studies Critical evaluation (of own production or practical task)Anthropology, English Studies, Computing, Theatre Studies Marketing Proposal / PlanEngineering, Publishing FictionSociology, Law Press Release, Fact Sheet, Technical Abstract, persuasive writingBiology, Physics Letter of advice to friend written from 1830s perspective, Maths in Action project (lay audience) Mathematics

3 The "Biber sample" DepartmentY1Y2Y3total Agriculture55515 Anthropology55515 Biology55515 Business55515 Classics55515 Engineering55515 English Studies55515 Food Sciences55515 History55515 Hospitality55515 Law55515 Psychology55515 total60 180

4 Distribution of types in the Biber sample

5

6 Distribution of types in History and Engineering (whole corpus)

7 2. Register NARRATIVE |Romance fiction 7+ | [.......] | 0+Popular lore | |FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATIONS |Religion, Editorials -1+PUBLIC CONVERSATIONS, *classics* | |Press reviews, *history* | -2+TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS |Professional letters |Academic prose | -3+Hobbies, *anthropology* |BROADCASTS | -4+ |*engineering* NON-NARRATIVE Features of Narrative/Non-narrative dimension (Conrad and Biber 2001): positive features past tense verbs third-person pronouns perfect aspect verbs public verbs synthetic negation present participial clauses negative features (present tense verbs) (attributive adjectives) Narrative/Non-narrative dimension

8 Involved/Informational dimension INVOLVED |TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS | 35+FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATIONS | [.....] | |PREPARED SPEECHES | 0+ |General fiction |Professional letters | -5+ |Science fiction |Religion | -10+Popular lore, *classics* | |Press reviews -15+Academic prose, *business* | |*engineering*, *history* |Official documents -20+ |*biology* INFORMATIONAL Selected features of Involved/Informational dimension (Conrad and Biber 2001): positive features private verbs that deletions contractions present tense verbs second-person pronouns do as pro-verb analytic negation demonstrative pronouns general emphatics first-person pronouns pronoun it be as main verb causative subordination discourse particles negative features nouns word length prepositions type/token ratio

9 BAWE-specific analysis ("Biber sample") Factor 1: departments classics english psychology anthropology history business agriculture food sciences biology engineering features epistemic adverbs (fact, likelihood) pied-piping seem, appear cognitive nouns noun +that predictive modals (will, would, shall) action verbs total nouns

10 Genres of History assignments YrTypesAnalytic Discussion Analytic Exposition Factorial Explanation Challenge?Structure 122 essays 10532122 simple 222 essays 10813-22 simple 315 essays 1 review 5632 1 14 simple 2 complex 60251977260 3. Genre

11 Generic structures (history) Analytical Discussion: (Background)^Issue^Arguments^Position Purpose: to argue the case for two or more points of view about an issue Analytical Exposition: (Background)^Thesis^Arguments^Reinforcement of Thesis Purpose: to put forward a point of view or argument Factorial Explanation: Outcome^Factors^Reinforcement of Factors Purpose: to explain the reasons or factors that contribute to a particular outcome Challenge: (Background)^Arguments^Anti-Thesis Purpose: to argue against a view

12 Genres of Engineering assignments YrTypesLab Report Design Prop. Product Eval. Design Report ExerciseDiss.?Structure 1Reports Exercise Case Study 821-1-213 Complex 1 Compound 2Report821-1-011 Complex 1 Compound 3Report, Exercise Diss. 115223-12 Complex 2 Compound 1757243240

13 Generic structures (engineering) Laboratory Report: to report on tests conducted; (Summary)^Introduction^Theory^Apparatus^Methods^Observations and results^Analysis of Results^Discussion^Conclusion^Bibliography^(Figures & tables)^Appendices Design Proposal: to put forward a proposal for a system or product: (Summary)^(Background)^Introduction^ Design Feature decisions ^(Costing/Suppliers)^ Conclusions^ (Bibliography)^(Appendices) Product Evaluation: to evaluate a piece of equipment or procedure: Introduction ^Strengths ^Weaknesses ^(Practice/performance tests) ^Conclusions^(References) Design Report: to design and test a system: Summary^Introduction^Theory^Analysis^Comparisons^Conclusions^Refere nces Exercise: to practice a number of isolated generic stages or reflect on method Task 1^Task 2^..Task n Dissertation: to develop a design proposal for a system or product in the context of the literature Abstract^Self-assesssment^Introduction^Literature Review^(Theory)^Methodology^Analysis and Results^(Discussion)^Conclusion^Costing^References^(Appendices)

14 4. Outputs Tagging: title and title page table of contents abstract or summary section headings figures and diagrams lists (simple, bulleted and ordered) quotations bibliography appendices and units File headers: contextual data text type and genre length and length reference compound structure.... Descriptions Interface: metadata

15 References Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: CUP. Conrad, Susan and Douglas Biber. 2001. Variation in English: multi-dimensional studies. Harlow: Pearson. Gardner, S. 2006 ‘Sentence Subjects and Angle on Field: Mapping ideational meaning across subject areas and years of study in a corpus of assessed student writing’ prepared for C. Jones and E. Ventola (eds) Field, Ideation and Experiential Representation: from Language to Multimodality (under review; available at http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/celte/research/bawe/papers/) Gardner, Sheena and Jasper Holmes. 2006. Sub headings and assignment types across the disciplines. Paper presented to the 18th Euro-International Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference. Gorizia, Trieste. (http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/celte/research/bawe/papers/conferences) Gardner, Sheena and Laura Powell. 2006. An investigation of genres of assessed writing in British higher education: a Warwick - Reading - Oxford Brookes project. Paper presented at seminar "Research, scholarship and practice in the area of Academic Literacies", University of Westminster, 30 June. (http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/celte/research/bawe/papers/conferences) Nesi, H. and S. Gardner 2006 ‘Variation in Disciplinary Culture: University Tutors’ Views on Assessed Writing Tasks.’ In: Kiely, R., Clibbon, G., Rea-Dickins, P. & Woodfield, H (eds) Language, Culture and Identity in Applied Linguistics (British Studies in Applied Linguistics, Volume 21) London: Equinox Publishing. (http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/celte/research/bawe/papers/) Unsworth, L. 2000 ‘Investigating subject-specific literacies in school learning’. In Unsworth (ed.) Researching Language in Schools and Communities: Functional Linguistic Perspectives London: Cassell, 245-274. Veel, R. and C. Coffin. 1996 ‘Learning to think like an historian: the language of secondary school History’. In R. Hasan and G. Williams (eds.) Literacy in Society. London: Longman, 191-231.

16 http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/bawe -o-

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