1. The Evolution of Multicast Research paper presented by Ajith M Jose (u4083453)

2. The Evolution of Multicast This presentation discusses about: General Information about Multicast Importance, types of Multicast Description of Std IP Multicast Model Evolution of MBone Evolution of Intra-domain Multicast Evolution of Inter-domain Multicast Deployment of Inter-domain Multicast

3. The Evolution of Multicast Multicast Backbone (MBone) Intra-Domain Multicast Inter-Domain Multicast Std IP Multicast Model 1988 1992 1994 1997 Single flat topology Hierarchical topology

4. What is Multicast ? It is an efficient way of data distribution in Internet environment It provides the functionality to logically group a set of hosts/routers in a distributed fashion A class D IP address is used to represent a group of receivers All the members in a group gets the datagram sent by a member

5. Applications of Multicast ? A scene from the famous network game “Shrine of the Ancient” Distance Learning Multimedia conferencing

6. Challenges Faced by Multicast lack of an elegant protocol Existing unicast infrastructure

7. How did the Multicast started? The concept of Multicast originated from the “Std IP Multicast Model” described by Stephen Deering in 1988

8. Deering’s IP Multicast Model Deering’s Model explains how the end systems are to send and receive the multicast packets The main features of Deering’s Model are: 1) IP-Style Sematics 2) Open Groups 3) Dynamic Groups

9. Deficiencies of Deering’s Multicast Model Does not discuss how the network should perform routing No mechanism for providing quality of service, security or address allocation

10. Virtual Internet Backbone for Multicast IP or MBone MBone is a virtual network based on Deering’s IP Multicast model It is layered on top of the physical Internet to support routing of IP multicast packets since that function has not yet been integrated into many routers It is an experiment to upgrade the Internet to handle live multimedia messages The first MBone network was established in 1992 at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) meeting in San Diego

11. The Structure of MBone The Structure of MBone is based around the use of IP Multicast protocol and the use of tunnels At the moment, sections of the MBone form a virtual network of "islands", interconnected using tunnels over the physical Internet Each tunnel connect two end points by one logical link, but could cross several Internet routers The tunnel endpoints are typically workstation-class machines having operating system support for IP multicast and running the daemon process "mrouted"

12. Topology of MBone gross topology of the MBone in May of 1994

13. Virtual Internet Backbone for Multicast IP or MBone Transmission of Multicast packets through the ordinary routers. Encapsulating Multicast packet in normal IP Datagram

14. Protocols Used by MBone DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) -broadcast-and-prune “Multicast Routing in MBone was a controlled form of flooding”

15. Virtual Internet Backbone for Multicast IP or MBone Following graph shows the growth rate in the number of MBone sites More than 200 sites within the first year of starting MBone

16. Deficiencies of MBone It uses only dense mode protocols -not efficient if there are only a few group members

17. Intra-domain Multicast Routing is Evolving Why did Intra-domain Multicasting originated ? -tremendous growth in MBone since 1992 -new multicast method for satisfying the increasing number of sites What are the features of Intra-domain Multicasting ? -sites added to groups called Domains -Two more dense mode protocols deployed 1) Multicast Extensions to OSPF(MOSPF) 2) Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM)

18. Features of Intra-domain Multicasting “Sparse mode” protocols created -features of Sparse mode Two sparse mode protocols 1)Core Based Trees (CBT) protocols 2)Protocol Independent Multicast -Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) -Rendezvous Point (RP) New applications were created

19. Evolution of Inter-Domain Multicast With intra-domain multicasting the communication was limited to a domain Inter-Domain Multicast considers about the communication within a domain and between different domains

20. It uses Protocols like.. 1) Multicast Border Gateway Protocols (MBGP) 2) Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)

21. Inter-domain Multicast Deployment Deployment in Commodity Internet -main challenge was to deal with the existing MBone network -MBone use tunnels to connect the sites -the solution was to put MBone as a separate AS called AS10888 -connectivity between AS10888 and other multicast capable AS’s was provided at the NASA Multicast friendly Internet eXchange (NASA MIX)

22. Inter-domain Multicast Deployment Deployment in Internet2 The deployment was based on the guidelines set by the Internet2 Multicast working group The main task was to deploy the Inter-domain Multicast in the two backbones 1) vBNS -Since the start in 1995,was using dense mode protocols -due to the severe data flooding problems in 1998 decided to use protocols PIM-Sparse Mode,MBGP and MSDP -in 1999 became a complete inter-domain multicast backbone 2) Abeline -Started only in 1999, so the transition to Inter-domain Multicast was an easy process

23. Future of Multicast Future of Multicast is rooted in the continued development, evaluation and standardization of new protocols and issues like address allocation and management

24. Web References http://nextinet.ncsa.uiuc.edu/nex tnet/ngi/applications/videoconfe rencing/mbone.html http://www.webopedia.com/TER M/M/Mbone.html http://www- mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/multimedia/pr ojects/mice/mbone_review.html http://www.serpentine.com/~bo s/tech/mbone/

25. Types of Multicast One-to-all Separate Unicast transport connection to each of the receivers Involves only senders in sending the data Requires explicit multicast support from the network layer Application-level multicast Involves receivers also in the replication and forwarding of data Sender transmits a copy to a smaller number of receivers, which then make copies themselves and forwards to the other receivers Significant amount of infrastructure required to maintain application level distribution architecture Explicit multicast Single datagram is sent from the sending host and gets replicated at a network router whenever it must be forwarded on multiple outgoing links to reach the receivers