1. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Interactive Systems Michael B. Spring Department of Information Science and Telecommunications University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Email: spring@imap.pitt.edu Web: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~spring Voice: (412) 624-9429 Fax: (412) 624-2788

2. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Overview The value of history The evolution of interactive systems Direct manipulation The Xerox STAR WIMPS programming model Components and Containers Scrollbars Cursors The future of interfaces A Challenge New metaphor New scroll tool

3. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications The Value of History 19502050 2000 1970 Unix 1980 STAR Community of 3000 14000 NOK Human 1993 Windows 2000 Good Windows 1995 Mosaic 1981 IBM PC

4. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications The Evolution of Interactive Systems Command based systems Unix as an example Command line control Effort to develop lexical and syntactic consistency Basic model is action-object GUI, WIMP, Direct Manipulation systems Windows, Word as examples Situated controls Complex but simplified interactions Basic Model is object-action Agents, Virtual Reality, Distributed systems

5. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications The Direct Manipulation Approach Model the process or system User versus designer models Procedural versus structural models Use metaphors that maximize transfer Desktop metaphor Other metaphors… Object-action model Drag and drop Universal commands Properties Knowledge in the world Affordances Mapping

6. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications 1972 – The Xerox Alto Networked Personal Workstation Bit Mapped Display Floppy Disk Drive Floppy Disk Mouse

7. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Star Icon Development

8. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Star Icon Development

9. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications 1981 – The Xerox Star

10. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Star Screen Detail

11. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Star Keyboard

12. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Star Keyboard Detail

13. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications WIMPS – A Programming Model WIMP interfaces are developed within a “sandbox” The sandbox is an event collector and dispatcher Objects within the sandbox are event generators Objects exist as a hierarchy of objects Some objects are containers Some objects are components Objects are capable of generating multiple types of events Mouse action events Exposure events Mouse motion events Change events Action events Code fragments may be written to handle events Event handlers register an interest in objects and event classes

14. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Common Elements of A User Interface Tookit Command Tools Menus Dialog boxes Selection Tools Command buttons Radio buttons Check boxes Text fields Palettes and choosers Navigation Tools Scroll bars Hands Murals/Maps Status Tools Status bars Cursors

15. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications A closer look at Scrollbars components bar thumb controls operation bar position relative to thumb controls thumb click versus drag

16. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications How does a scroll bar work? Move the paper or the window Variable or fixed size How much does it move? What happens if held? What happens with click? What happens if held What does sprite show?

17. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications A Digression on the Cursor How many cursor shapes are there and what do they mean?

18. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Cursors

19. More Cursors

20. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications And More Cursors

21. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications And More Cursors

22. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications The Future The future of interfaces is no interface Consider the interface to your car Consider the interface to an automatic door Ubiquitous computing Intelligent devices Sensors and actuators Ubiquitous connectivity Agents What is an agent in the real world Doctors Gardeners Travel Design of an agent “intelligence” “memory” “personality”

23. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Two challenges Define a new metaphor for an OS Define a new tool for “scrolling”