1. Financial Analysis, Planning and Forecasting Theory and Application By Alice C. Lee San Francisco State University John C. Lee J.P. Morgan Chase Cheng F. Lee Rutgers University Chapter 9 Option and Option Strategies

2. Outline  9.1 Introduction  9.2 The Option market and related definition  9.3 Index and futures option  9.4 Put-call parity  9.5 Risk-return characteristics of options  9.6 Summary  Appendix 9A Options and Exchanges

3. 9.2 The Option market and related definition  What is an Option?  Types of Options and Their Characteristics  Relationship Between the Option Price and the Underlying Asset Price  Additional Definitions and Distinguishing Features  Types of Underlying Asset  Institutional Characteristics

4. 9.2 The Option market and related definition Table 9-1 Options Quotes for Johnson& Johnson at 09/21/2006 Call Options Expiring Fri. Jan.18, 2008 StrikeSymbolLastBidAskVolOpen Int 40 JNJAH.X 2425.525.6105,427 45 JNJAI.X 2020.520.732,788 50 JNJAJ.X 15.515.716118,700 55 JNJAK.X 11.110.911.13310,327 60 JNJAL.X 6.4 6.527532,782 65 JNJAM.X 2.65 2.71,54470,426 70 JNJAN.X 0.55 0.684548,582 75 JNJAO.X 0.10.050.1213,629 80 JNJAP.X 0.05N/A0.05104,497 85 JNJAQ.X 0.05N/A0.0503,275 90 JNJAR.X 0.05N/A0.0503,626

5. 9.2 The Option market and related definition Put Options Expiring Fri. Jan.18, 2008 StrikeSymbolLastBidAskVolOpen Int 40 JNJMH.X 0.05N/A0.0501,370 45 JNJMI.X 0.10.050.135,002 50 JNJMJ.X 0.120.10.15114,004 55 JNJMK.X 0.25 0.39931,122 60 JNJML.X 0.70.650.722769,168 65 JNJMM.X 1.81.851.953046,774 70 JNJMN.X 54.95201,582 75 JNJMO.X 13.39.79.9020 Table 9-1 Options Quotes for Johnson& Johnson at 09/21/2006 (Cont’d)

6. 9.2 The Option market and related definition Intrinsic value = Underlying asset price － Option exercise price (9.1) Time value = Option premium － Intrinsic value (9.2)

7. 9.2 The Option market and related definition where: C = the value of the call option; S = the current stock price; and E = the exercise price.

8. 9.2 The Option market and related definition FIGURE 9-1 The Relationship Between an Option’s Exercise Price and Its Time Value

9. 9.2 The Option market and related definition FIGURE 9-2 The Relationship Between Time Value and Time to Maturity for a Near-to-the-Money Option (Assuming a Constant Price for the Underlying Asset)

10. 9.2 The Option market and related definition  Sample Problem 9.1

11. 9.3 Put-call parity  European Options  American Options  Futures Options  Market Applications

12. 9.3 Put-call parity (9.3) where: = value of a European call option at time t that matures at time T (T > f); = value of a European put option at time t, that matures at time T; = value of the underlying stock (asset) to both the call and put options at time t; E = exercise price for both the call and put options; = price at time t of a default-free bond that pays $1 with certainty at time T (if it is assumed that this risk-free rate of interest is the same for all maturities and equal to r － in essence a flat-term structure － then =, under continuous compounding), or = for discrete compounding.

13. 9.3 Put-call parity (9.4) (9.5)

14. 9.3 Put-call parity TABLE 9-2 Put-Call Parity for a European Option with No Dividends

15. 9.3 Put-call parity  Sample Problem 9.2 A call option with one year to maturity and exercise price of $110 is selling for $5. Assuming discrete compounding, a risk-free rate of 10 percent, and a current stock price of $100, what is the value of a European put option with a strike price of $110 and one-year maturity? Solution

16. 9.3 Put-call parity (9.6)  Sample problem 9.3 A put option with one year to maturity and an exercise price of $90 is selling for $15; the stock price is $100. Assuming discrete compounding and a risk- free rate of 10 percent, what are the boundaries for the price of an American call option? Solution

17. 9.3 Put-call parity (9.7) (9.8) TABLE 9-3 Put-Call Parity for a European Futures Option

18. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options  Long Call  Short Call  Long Put  Short Put  Long Straddle  Short Straddle  Long Vertical (Bull) Spread  Short Vertical (Bear) Spread  Calendar (Time) Spread

19. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-3 Profit Profile for a Long Call

20. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-4 Profit Profile for a Short Call

21. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-5 Profit Profile for a Covered Short Call

22. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-6 Profit Profile for a Long Put

23. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-7 Profit Profile for an Uncovered Short Call

24. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-8 Profit Profile for a Long Straddle

25. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options  Sample problem 9.4 Situation: An investor feels the stock market is going to break sharply up or down but is not sure which way. However, the investor is confident that market volatility will increase in the near future. To express his position the investor puts on a long straddle using options on the S&P 500 index, buying both at-the-money call and put options on the September contract. The current September S&P 500 futures contract price is 155.00. Assume the position is held to expiration.

26. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Transaction: 1. Buy 1 September 155 call at $2.00. ($1,000) 2. Buy 1 September 155 put at $2.00. ($1,000) Net initial investment (position value) ($2,000) Results: 1. If futures price = 150.00: (a) 1 September call expires at $0. ($1,000) (b) 1 September put expires at $5.00. $2,500 (c) Less initial cost of put ($1,000) Ending position value (net profit) $ 500

27. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Results: 2. If futures price = 155.00: (a) 1 September call expires at $0. ($1,000) (b) 1 September put expires at $0. ($1,000) Ending position value (net loss) $2,000 3. If futures price = 160.00: (a) 1 September call expires at $5.00 $2,500 (b) 1 September call expires at $0. ($1,000) (c) Less initial cost of put ($1,000) Ending position value (net profit) $ 500

28. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Summary: Maximum profit potential: unlimited. If the market had contributed to move below 150.00 or above 160.00, the position would have continued to increase in value. Maximum loss potential: $2,000, the initial investment. Breakeven points: 151.00 and 159.00, for the September S&P 500 futures contract. 2 2 Effect of time decay: negative, as evidenced by the loss incurred, with no change in futures price (result 2) 22 Breakeven points for the straddle are calculated as follows: Upside BEP = Exercise price + Initial net investment (in points) 159.00 = 155.00 + 4.00 Downside BEP = Exercise price - Initial net investment (in points) 159.00 = 155.00 + 4.00 151.00 = 155.00 - 4.00

29. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-9 Profit Profile for a Short Straddle

30. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options  Sample problem 9.5 Situation: An investor feels the market is overestimating price volatility at the moment and that prices are going to remain stable for some time. To express his opinion, the investor sells a straddle consisting of at-the-money call and put options on the September S&P 500 futures contract, for which the current price is 155.00. Assume the position is held to expiration. Transaction: 1.Sell 1 September 155 call at $2.00 (x $500 per point). $1,000 2. Sell 1 September 155 put at $2.00. $1,000 Net initial inflow (position value) $2,000

31. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Results: 1. If futures price = 150.00: (a) 1 September 155 call expires at 0. $1,000 (b) I September 155 put expires at $5.00. ($2,500) (c) Plus initial inflow from sale of put $1,000 Ending position value (net loss) ($ 500) 2. If futures price = 155.00: (a) 1 September 155 call expires at 0. $1,000 (b) I September 155 put expires at 0. $1,000 Ending position value (net profit) $2,000

32. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Results: 3. If futures price = 160.00: (a) 1 September 155 call expires at $5.00. ($2,500) (b) I September put expires at 0. $1,000 (c) Plus initial inflow from sale of call $1,000 Ending position value (net loss) ($ 500) Summary: Maximum profit potential: $2,000, result 2. where futures price does not move. Maximum loss potential: unlimited. If futures price had continued up over 160.00 or down below 145.00, this position would have kept losing money. Breakeven points: 151.00 and 159.00, an eight-point range for profitability of the position. 3 3 Effect of time decay: positive, as evidenced by result 2. 33 Breakeven points for the short straddle are calculated in the same manner as for the long straddle: exercise price plus initial prices of options.

33. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-10 Profit Profile for a Long Vertical Spread

34. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options  Sample problem 9.6 Situation: An investor is moderately bullish on the West German mark. He would like to be long but wants to reduce the cost and risk of this position in case he is wrong. To express his opinion, the investor puts on a long vertical spread by buying a lower-exercise-price call and selling a higher-exercise- price call with the same month to expiration. Assume the position is held to expiration. Transaction: 1. Buy 1 September 0.37 call at 0.0047 (x 125.000 per point).($ 587.50) 2. Sell 1 September 0.38 call at 0.0013. $ 1 62.50 Net initial investment (position value) ($ 425.00)

35. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Results: 1. If futures price = 0.3700: (a) 1 September 0.37 call expires at 0. ($ 587.50) (b) 1 September 0.38 call expires at 0. $ 162.50 Ending position value (net loss) ($ 425.00) 2. If futures price = 0.3800: (a) 1 September 0.37 call expires at 0.0100. $1,250.00 (b) I September 0.38 call expires at 0. $ 162.50 Less initial cost of 0.37 call ($ 587.50) Ending position value (net profit) $ 825.00 3. If futures price = 0.3900: $2,500.00 (a) 1 September 0.38 call expires at 0.0200. $2,500.00 (b) 1 September put expires at 0. ($1,250.00) Less initial premium of 0.37 call ($ 587.50) Plus initial premium of 0.38 call $ 162.50 Ending position value (net profit) ($ 825.00)

36. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Summary: Maximum profit potential: $825.00, result 2. Maximum loss potential: $425.00, result 1. Breakeven point: 0.3734. 4 4 Effect of time decay: mixed. positive if price is at high end of range and negative if at low end. 44 Breakeven point for the long vertical spread is computed as lower exercise price plus price of long call minus price of short call (0.3734 = 0.3700 + 0.0047 – 0.0013).

37. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-11 Profit Profile for a Short vertical Spread

38. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options FIGURE 9-12 Profit Profile for a Neutral Calendar Spread

39. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options TABLE 9-4 Call and Put Option Quotes for CEG at 07/13/2007 Call Option Expiring close Fri Oct 19, 2007 StrikeSymbolBidAsk 70CEGJN.X23.525.5 75CEGJO.X1920.9 80CEGJP.X14.616.4 85CEGJQ.X11.412.2 90CEGJR.X88.5 95CEGJS.X55.4 100CEGJT.X2.853.2 105CEGJA.X1.51.75 110CEGJB.X0.650.9 115CEGJC.X0.20.45

40. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options TABLE 9-4 Call and Put Option Quotes for CEG at 07/13/2007 (Cont’d) Put Option Expiring close Fri Oct 19, 2007 StrikeSymbolBidAsk 70CEGVN.X0.150.35 75CEGVO.X0.40.65 80CEGVP.X0.91.15 85CEGVQ.X1.61.85 90CEGVR.X2.953.4 95CEGVS.X4.95.5 100CEGVT.X7.78.6

41. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options TABLE 9-5 Value of Protective Put position at option expiration Long a Put at strike price$95.00 Premium$5.50 Buy one share of stock Price$94.21 Stock One Share of Stock Long Put (X=$95) Protective Put Value PricePayoffProfitPayoffProfitPayoffProfit $70.00 -$24.21$25.00$19.50$95.00-$4.71 $75.00 -$19.21$20.00$14.50$95.00-$4.71 $80.00 -$14.21$15.00$9.50$95.00-$4.71 $85.00 -$9.21$10.00$4.50$95.00-$4.71 $90.00 -$4.21$5.00-$0.50$95.00-$4.71 $95.00 $0.79$0.00-$5.50$95.00-$4.71 $100.00 $5.79$0.00-$5.50$100.00$0.29 $105.00 $10.79$0.00-$5.50$105.00$5.29 $110.00 $15.79$0.00-$5.50$110.00$10.29 $115.00 $20.79$0.00-$5.50$115.00$15.29 $120.00 $25.79$0.00-$5.50$120.00$20.29

42. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Figure 9-12 Profit Profile for Protective Put

43. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Table 9-6 Value of Covered Call position at option expiration Write a call at strike price$100.00 Premium$2.85 Buy one share of stock Price$94.21 StockOne Share of Stock Written Call (X=$100) Covered Call PricePayoffProfitPayoffProfitPayoffProfit $70.00 -$24.21$0.00$2.85$70.00-$21.36 $75.00 -$19.21$0.00$2.85$75.00-$16.36 $80.00 -$14.21$0.00$2.85$80.00-$11.36 $85.00 -$9.21$0.00$2.85$85.00-$6.36 $90.00 -$4.21$0.00$2.85$90.00-$1.36 $95.00 $0.79$0.00$2.85$95.00$3.64 $100.00 $5.79$0.00$2.85$100.00$8.64 $105.00 $10.79-$5.00-$2.15$100.00$8.64 $110.00 $15.79-$10.00-$7.15$100.00$8.64 $115.00 $20.79-$15.00-$12.15$100.00$8.64 $120.00 $25.79-$20.00-$17.15$100.00$8.64

44. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Figure 9-13 Profit Profile for Covered Call

45. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Table 9-7 Value of Collar position at option expiration Long a Put at strike price $85.00Premium$1.85 Write a Call at strike price $105.00Premium$1.50 Buy one share of stock Price$94.21 Stock One Share of Stock Long put (X=$85)Write Call (X=$105)Collar Value PricePayoffProfitPayoffProfitPayoffProfitPayoffProfit $70.00 -$24.21$15.00$13.15$0.00$1.50$85.00-$9.56 $75.00 -$19.21$10.00$8.15$0.00$1.50$85.00-$9.56 $80.00 -$14.21$5.00$3.15$0.00$1.50$85.00-$9.56 $85.00 -$9.21$0.00-$1.85$0.00$1.50$85.00-$9.56 $90.00 -$4.21$0.00-$1.85$0.00$1.50$90.00-$4.56 $95.00 $0.79$0.00-$1.85$0.00$1.50$95.00$0.44 $100.00 $5.79$0.00-$1.85$0.00$1.50$100.00$5.44 $105.00 $10.79$0.00-$1.85$0.00$1.50$105.00$10.44 $110.00 $15.79$0.00-$1.85-$5.00-$3.50$105.00$10.44 $115.00 $20.79$0.00-$1.85-$10.00-$8.50$105.00$10.44 $120.00 $25.79$0.00-$1.85-$15.00-$13.50$105.00$10.44

46. 9.4 Risk-return characteristics of options Figure 9-14 Profit Profile for Collar

47. 9.6 Summary This chapter has introduced some of the essential differences between the two most basic kinds of option, calls and puts. A delineation was made of the relationship between the option’s price or premium and that of the underlying asset. The option’s value was shown to be composed of intrinsic value, or the underlying asset price less the exercise price, and time value. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the time value decays over time, particularly in the last month to maturity for an option. Index and futures options were studied to introduce these important financial instruments. Put-call parity theorems were developed for European, American, and futures options in order to show the basic valuation relationship between the underlying asset and its call and put options. Finally, investment application of options and related combinations were discussed, along with relevant risk-return characteristics. A thorough understanding of this chapter is essential as a basic tool to successful study of option-valuation models in the next chapter.