1. Phase Detection Jonathan Winter Casey Smith CS 612 04/05/05

2. Phase Detection 2 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Motivation Large-scale phases exist (order of millions of instructions) –For many programs, if we look at any interesting metric (cache misses, IPC, etc.), we see repeating behavior –Call the regions with similar behavior “phases” Knowledge of phase-based behavior can be used for adaptive optimization –Current hardware doesn’t exploit phase behaviors For instance –A region of execution may only need a small cache—save power/increase performance by shrinking –A region of execution may benefit from data structure reorganization

3. Phase Detection 3 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Basic Methodology 1)Identify phase boundaries 2)Classify phases 3)Determine what optimizations to perform for each phase When can each step be performed? Run time, compile time, offline

4. Phase Detection 4 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Overview We’ll focus two papers on phase detection –Sherwood, Sair, and Calder, “Phase Tracking and Prediction,” ISCA 2003 – Shen, Zhong, and Ding, “Locality Phase Prediction,” ASPLOS 2004

5. Phase Detection 5 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Sherwood et al. 2003 Classifies the behavior of a program into phases based on code execution Finds strong correlations between code execution phases and important performance and energy metrics Simulates hardware for real-time detection and prediction of phases Demonstrates usefulness through a variety of optimization techniques made possible by phase detection

6. Phase Detection 6 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Definition of a Phase Previously (stemming from Denning 1972), a phase was defined as an interval of execution where a measured program metric stayed relatively constant. Sherwood et al. consider all sections of code with similar values for the program metric to be part of the same phase even if the intervals are spread out over the course of the programs execution.

7. Phase Detection 7 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Key Program Metrics Instructions per cycle (IPC), energy, branch prediction accuracy, data cache misses, instruction cache misses, L2 cache misses are all vital statistics for optimizing speed and power consumption

8. Phase Detection 8 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Single Unified Metric Goal: find a single metric that –Uniquely distinguishes phases –Guides optimization and policy decisions Need some section of code on which to measure this metric—pick 10M instructions –Much longer time span than typical architectural techniques handle –Long enough to capture large-scale behavior –Short enough to capture detailed phase behavior –Size of an OS timeslice

9. Phase Detection 9 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Metric for Classification Based on Basic Blocks –Basic blocks are a section of code with one entry point and one exit point Basic Block Vector –Count the number of times each basic block is executed in the 10M interval –Entries in the vector are the product of the number times each basic block is executed and the block length (BB 1 *L 1, BB 2 *L 2, BB 3 *L 3, …) –This vector is a signature of the phase which correlates well with other metrics of interest: IPC, cache misses, etc.

10. Phase Detection 10 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Advantages of BBVs Independent of architectural measures and thus unaffected by optimizations Weighting biases the signatures to more frequently executed instructions Creates unique signatures which execute the same code but in different proportions

11. Phase Detection 11 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Hardware Implementation Don’t want to store and examine the whole vector: compress to a 32-entry vector (footprint)

12. Phase Detection 12 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Visualization of the Footprints Footprints for different intervals of gzip

13. Phase Detection 13 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith What do we do with our footprint? Store a small sample of representative footprints as phase signatures Compare the current footprint to previously stored footprints If we have a close enough match, we classify them as the same phase If not, we store the new footprint as the representative member of a new phase

14. Phase Detection 14 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Comparing Footprints To save space, only store the top 6 bits of each entry in the 32-vector –Counters were saturating 24-bit counters –The smallest value that the maximum entry could have would occur if all 10M instructions were distributed evenly across the 32 entries –In this case the top six bits means that a counter value of 10M/32 would have a value of 1 Distance between footprints is defined as the Manhattan distance: the sum of the absolute difference between corresponding entries in two vectors

15. Phase Detection 15 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Finding a Match If the Manhattan distance is less than a threshold, two footprints are classified as being in the same phase Determine threshold by false positives/ false negatives as compared to an offline oracle tool. Threshold of 2 20 chosen

16. Phase Detection 16 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Opportunity These classification methods are oversimplified Opportunity to apply better machine learning techniques

17. Phase Detection 17 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Within Phase Homogeneity Within a phase, architectural metrics have nearly constant values (this is what we were aiming for)

18. Phase Detection 18 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Phase Prediction Once we’ve been through an interval, we can identify the phase easily But we want to know what phase we’re going to go to next We need to know what phase we will be in before the interval starts in order to perform useful optimizations (such as changing the cache size)

19. Phase Detection 19 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Simple Prediction We could just predict that the next phase would be the same as the current phase The program tends to change phases more slowly than our 10M intervals, so this actually gives reasonable accuracy However, we can do better Note: standard hardware predictors have not been tried (branch prediction, memory disambiguation, etc.)

20. Phase Detection 20 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Markov Model Predictor Phase changes depend on the set of previous phases and the duration of their execution Phases tend to last many intervals, therefore studying recent previous history doesn’t provide more information than the current state Need to encode how long we’ve been in the current state Predict the length of phase to be the same length it was previously

21. Phase Detection 21 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Run Length Encoding

22. Phase Detection 22 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Opportunity RLE Markov model is overly simple Better prediction techniques exist Make use of the order of previous states rather than just the length of the current state

23. Phase Detection 23 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Prediction Accuracy

24. Phase Detection 24 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Applications Frequent Value Locality –Certain data values form bulk of loads Compress to save energy Specialize code segments to common values Dynamic cache size adaptation –Shrink cache size to save energy Dynamic processor width adaptation –Fetch/Decode/Issue fewer instructions per cycle when IPC will be low anyway

25. Phase Detection 25 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Frequent Value Locality

26. Phase Detection 26 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Cache Size Adaptation

27. Phase Detection 27 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Processor Width Adaptation

28. Phase Detection 28 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Summary of BBV method Divide program into 10M instruction intervals Characterize each interval by footprint approximation to basic block vector Classify intervals as phases based on footprint Predict future phases based on RLE Markov predictor Use information about phases to improve frequent value locality and optimize cache size and processor width for performance/energy

29. Phase Detection 29 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Bottom Line Classifying phases based on the frequency of executed basic blocks is effective at partitioning the program into regions of homogenous architectural behavior Significant energy savings with small performance degradation can be achieved by applying phase specific optimizations.

30. Phase Detection 30 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Shen et al. 2004 Defines phases in a totally different way Phases have variable lengths (not 10M intervals) Detects phases by finding likely phase boundaries Uses offline analysis of programs on test inputs to predict behavior on other inputs

31. Phase Detection 31 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Metric of Interest For optimizing cache size, what we really care about is the locality of reference Measure the locality directly, and classify phases based on that Independent of optimizations performed: phases recovered are independent of the hardware it runs on.

32. Phase Detection 32 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Reuse Distance Define the reuse distance as the number of distinct data elements (locations in memory) touched between two consecutive references to the same element. Define the reuse distance at the second reference Example: abcbbac ---1022 Also called LRU Stack Distance

33. Phase Detection 33 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Overview Simulate a test run and record reuse distance throughout the program Use this to separate the program into “phases” Insert phase markers into binary code Predict when phase changes will occur Use information about phases to adjust cache size or other hardware parameters

34. Phase Detection 34 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith New Definition of Phase Here, a phase is a unit of repeating behavior, rather than a unit of nearly uniform behavior A phase change is an abrupt change in the data reuse pattern

35. Phase Detection 35 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Reuse Trace

36. Phase Detection 36 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Why Offline Analysis? Compilers cannot fully analyze data locality in programs with indirect referencing or dynamic structures Hardware methods like the one presented earlier require many severe approximations for real-time analysis Solution: take method offline and analyze program behavior on test inputs.

37. Phase Detection 37 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Phase Detection Process 1)Record reuse trace 2)Perform signal processing techniques to extract useful information from the trace 3)Use the extracted information to find good places for phase transitions

38. Phase Detection 38 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith 1) Record Reuse Trace Nontrivial programs access data locations so many times that an actual full trace would be overwhelming Just sample a representative set of memory locations/reuse distances Threshold to reduce trace size and remove irrelevant data –Throw out short distances (C[i] = C[i] + 2) –Throw out references to nearby memory locations

39. Phase Detection 39 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith 2) Signal Processing Use wavelet filtering to find abrupt changes in reuse distance for each recorded memory location

40. Phase Detection 40 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith 3) Phase Partitioning Now we have points representing locations of abrupt changes in reuse distance for individual memory locations Want to divide the list with two things in mind: –Maximize phase length –Minimize repetitions of memory locations within a phase (no multiple abrupt changes) Example:abcdeefabdfccabef abcde efabdfc cabef

41. Phase Detection 41 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Missing Link So now we have locations of phase transitions. How do detect which regions are the same phase? Doesn’t say. Missing section in paper? Assume we can somehow classify the regions into phases

42. Phase Detection 42 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Phase Markers We know how often a phase occurs and approximately where its boundaries are Goal: find markers that tell us when we’re entering a particular phase For each phase, look for basic blocks that occur once near each of its beginning boundaries, and only near the beginnings of its boundaries. Use that basic block as a marker to tell when the program enters that phase

43. Phase Detection 43 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Using Phases Now we know what basic blocks signal phase entry points Run the program with new input When we enter a phase for the first time, we record how long it lasts and its locality properties Assume that these properties will hold for all subsequent executions of the same phase

44. Phase Prediction Performance

45. Phase Detection 45 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Negative Examples Not all programs have phases of repeating behavior that can be identified from test runs

46. Phase Detection 46 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Applications Adaptive Cache Resizing –Potential performance increase –Potential power savings Memory Remapping –Reorder data in memory to speed up execution

47. Phase Detection 47 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Adaptive Cache Resizing Shrink cache without increasing miss ratio Phases have repeating behavior, not uniform behavior Divide phases into 10K intervals First couple of times we execute a phase follow test properties Apply those cache sizes to subsequent executions of the phase

48. Phase Detection 48 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Cache Size Reductions

49. Phase Detection 49 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Cache Size Reductions with 5% Miss Increase

50. Phase Detection 50 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Memory Remapping Reorder data in memory to speed up execution For example, we might interleave arrays that tend to be accessed together. Options: –Analyze whole program to find array affinities –Analyze by phase and reorganize data during execution (should take into account cost of remapping, but the authors don’t)

51. Phase Detection 51 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Memory Remapping

52. Phase Detection 52 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Summary of the locality- based method Record a sampled version of the reuse distance trace on test input Process the trace Find phase boundaries Find basic block markers for each phase Run the program on new data. When we see a new phase marker, record how long it lasts and experiment with optimization parameters for 10K intervals Assume subsequent executions of the phase will have the same length and locality profile, so we can use the determined optimization parameters

53. Phase Detection 53 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Bottom Line Many programs have long repeating patterns of data reuse separated by abrupt changes These repeating patterns can be detected by analyzing the reuse trace Characterizing these patterns can lead to significant energy savings and performance enhancement through cache resizing and memory remapping

54. Phase Detection 54 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Overall Conclusions Many programs exhibit large-scale phase behavior which can be classified and predicted Characterization of the phases can lead to energy savings and performance enhancement through cache resizing and other techniques –But no well-done analysis of just how much power is saved Some of this can be done at compile time (identifying many phase markers), but interval type analysis and phase characterization must be done at runtime

55. Phase Detection 55 Jonathan Winter and Casey Smith Opportunities More intelligent classification More sophisticated prediction Account for the cost of changing the cache size in the energy/performance analysis Compare results of phase-based adjustments to actual optimal adjustments Examine potential for using compilers for different parts of the analysis