1. General Pathology Review

2. Assumptions Studying pathology enables us to better treat people Normal people participate positively in the society Activity of the human is the product of all the body systems The organ is the functional unit of the body The cell is the structural unit of the body

3. Assumptions The human body can be divided into systems and organs based on the Anatomy, and Tissues and cells based on the Histology

4. Assumptions Pathology is any process that is not physiological Diseases can be explained by evidence of defects in: –The structure or –The function or –The activity or –The participation of the human

5. Hypotheses There is a limited number of pathological processes: cell injury, cell death, adaptation, inflammation, infectious, Fibrosis, immune mechanism, genetic, developmental, hemodynamics, metabolic, degenerative, and neoplastic Each process may involve any system, organ, tissue or cell

6. Hypotheses There are causes for each pathological process Clinical presentations can be explained by the underlying pathological process Complications arise if the pathology persists

7. Hypotheses We can control (manage) disease by focusing on: –The etiology –The pathological process –The clinical signs and symptoms –The complications

8. Health and Disease

9. Pathological Processes

10. Cell Injury

11. Cell Death Necrosis Apoptosis

12. Patterns of necrosis

13. Cellular adaptation in Growth in differentiation

14. Injury and Response

15. Inflammation

16. Causes of Inflammation

17. Clinical Features of Inflammation

18. Acute inflammation Outcome of acute inflammation

19. Chronic Inflammation

20. Inflammatory diseases

21. Granulomatous inflammaion causes

22. Lymphatics and lymph nodes

23. Chemical Mediators

24. Tissue Repair

25. Regeneration Ability of cells to proliferate

26. Fibrosis

27. Loss of function

28. Inflammatory diseases

29. Hemodynamic Disorders

30. Edema

31. Congestion Hyperemia Ischemia

32. Hemorrhage

33. Shock

34. thrombosis

35. Virchow triad

36. Fate of thrombus

37. Embolism

38. Infarction

39. Neoplasia

40. Transformation

41. Benign vs Malignant

42. Rate of growth invasion Anaplasia Metastasis

43. Dysplasia

44. Monoclonality

45. Nomenclature

46. Genetic Defect

47. Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Apoptosis genes BCL-2 DNA mismatch repair genes aging and Telomerase Angiogenesis

48. Mulistep carcinogenesis

49. Causes of neoplasia: Hereditary Environmental

50. Cancer

51. Preneoplstic disorders

52. Screening

53. Presentation of Cancer

54. Diagnosis of Neoplsm

55. Tumor markers

56. Grading of Cancer

57. Staging of Cancer

58. Prognosis